SECCION Crisis monetaria: US/EURO, dolar vs otras monedas

Gráfico del tipo de cambio del Dólar Americano al Euro - Desde dic 1, 2008 a dic 31, 2008

Evolucion del dolar contra el euro

US Dollar to Euro Exchange Rate Graph - Jan 7, 2004 to Jan 5, 2009

V. SECCION: M. PRIMAS

1. SECCION:materias primas en linea:precios


[Most Recent Quotes from www.kitco.com]


METALES A 30 DIAS click sobre la imagen
(click sur l´image)

3. PRIX DU CUIVRE

  Cobre a 30 d [Most Recent Quotes from www.kitco.com]

4. ARGENT/SILVER/PLATA

5. GOLD/OR/ORO

6. precio zinc

7. prix du plomb

8. nickel price

10. PRIX essence






petrole on line

Find out how to invest in energy stocks at EnergyAndCapital.com.

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mercados,materias primas,azucar,precios y graficos azucar i otros

31 mar 2009

Francia da ultimátum al G-20?

** Francia da ultimátum al G-20 **
Sarkozy boicoteará la declaración final si ignora sus reclamos de un mayor control sobre las finanzas mundiales.<!-Economía, G20, Francia-->
< http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/em/fr/-/hi/spanish/business/newsid_7975000/7975033.stm >

Candidato chileno en aprietos

** Candidato chileno en aprietos **
El escándalo que involucra a una farmacéutica en la que tiene acciones Sebastián Piñera ha calentado la campaña.<!-América Latina, Chile, elecciones presidenciales, farmacias-->
< http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/em/fr/-/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7973000/7973398.stm >

Washington Post-ABC News Poll 26 march 2009

excelente; sl2

Washington Post-ABC News Poll

This Washington Post-ABC News poll was conducted by telephone Mar. 26-29, 2009, among a random national sample of 1,000 adults including landline and cell phone-only respondents. The results from the full survey have a margin of sampling error of plus or minus three percentage points. Sampling, data collection and tabulation by TNS of Horsham, Pa.

*= less than 0.5 percent

1. Do you approve or disapprove of the way Barack Obama is handling his job as president? Do you approve/disapprove strongly or somewhat?

          -------- Approve --------   ------- Disapprove ------     No              NET   Strongly   Somewhat   NET   Somewhat   Strongly   opinion 3/29/09   66       40         26      29        9         20         5 2/22/09   68       43         25      25        8         17         7 

2. Do you approve or disapprove of the way Obama is handling [ITEM]? (IF ITEM A) Do you approve/disapprove strongly or somewhat?

3/29/09 - Summary Table                             Approve   Disapprove   No opinion a. The economy                60         38            3 b. The federal budget    deficit                    52         43            5 c. Held for future release   Trend where available:  a. The economy            ------ Approve -----   ---- Disapprove ----     No           NET   Strgly   Smwht   NET   Smwht   Strgly   opinion 3/29/09   60      34      25     38     12       26        3 2/22/09   60      NA      NA     34     NA       NA        6  b. No trend.  c. No trend. 

3. Do you think things in this country (are generally going in the right direction) or do you feel things (have gotten pretty seriously off on the wrong track)?

                Right     Wrong     No                direction   track   opinion   3/29/09          42        57        1 2/22/09          31        67        2 1/16/09          19        78        3 12/14/08         15        82        3 10/25/08 LV      13        85        2 10/11/08 RV       8        90        2 9/22/08  RV      14        83        3 8/22/08          19        78        2       6/15/08          14        84        2 5/11/08          16        82        2  1/12/08          21        77        2 11/1/07          24        74        2 6/1/07           25        73        2  1/19/07          26        71        3  11/4/06  RV      39        59        2  10/22/06         30        68        2  10/8/06          32        66        2  5/15/06          29        69        2  11/2/05          30        68        2  10/24/04 LV      41        55        4  4/18/04          42        57        1  4/30/03          52        46        2  9/26/02          43        53        4  2/21/02          54        42        4  2/14/99          55        41        4  11/1/98          55        43        2  11/1/98  LV      55        44        1  8/21/98          57        40        4 7/12/98          50        45        6 4/4/98           55        41        4 1/31/98          61        34        5 1/30/98          61        34        5 1/19/98          44        50        6 8/27/97          39        57        4 6/8/97           37        60        3 3/9/97           34        62        4 10/17/96 RV      40        55        5 10/16/96 RV      42        53        5 10/15/96 RV      43        52        5 10/14/96 RV      44        51        5 10/13/96 RV      44        51        5 9/04/96  RV      40        54        6 8/21/96          28        67        5 6/30/96          26        70        5 3/17/96          27        70        3 1/21/96          27        66        6 1/3/96           21        77        3 4/5/95           23        73        3 1/4/95           27        68        6 10/31/94         27        69        4 7/20/94          26        70        4 3/27/94          28        69        3 1/23/94          31        60       10 11/14/93         25        69        6 8/8/93           26        71        3 6/20/93          26        71        3 4/26/93          27        71        2 3/11/93          36        57        7 2/28/93          37        59        4 1/17/93          31        63        6 12/14/92         35        60        5 10/27/92 RV      22        76        2 10/4/92  RV      18        78        4 6/7/92           14        83        3 4/9/92           16        81        3 3/11/92          18        79        4 1/15/92          19        78        3 11/10/91         24        72        4 10/29/91         26        71        3 8/27/91          31        60        9 7/28/91          30        67        3 6/2/91           39        57        4 4/9/91           42        51        7 2/26/91          58        39        3 1/27/91          49        48        4 10/14/90         19        79        2 9/9/90           36        60        4 8/20/90          35        60        5 7/24/90          37        60        2 5/21/90          39        60        2 3/26/90          44        53        2 2/4/90           49        48        3 1/16/90          48        49        3 5/23/89          42        55        3 3/16/89          46        52        2 1/16/89  LV      51        46        3 10/25/88 RV      49        46        6 9/27/88          48        44        8 7/11/88          40        56        4 5/25/88          35        59        6 3/21/88          40        56        4 1/23/88          39        59        2 12/13/87         49        47        4 12/2/87          35        61        4 9/23/87          43        54        4 6/29/87          35        62        3 4/13/87          37        60        3 3/9/87           38        58        4 1/18/87          39        56        5 9/8/86           50        48        2 1/26/86          45        47        8 7/29/85          52        43        6 1/16/85          59        36        4 5/22/84          47        48        5 12/13/83         43        51        6 11/7/83          51        44        5 4/12/83          41        54        4 3/2/83           43        53        3 10/11/82         35        57        8 1/30/82          39        56        5 2/80*            20        70       10 2/78             34        53       13 2/77             41        44       14 10/75            19        71        9 10/74            15        75       11 10/73            16        74       10 *2/80 and previous: Roper  

4. Who do you trust to do a better job handling the economy - (Obama) or (the Republicans in Congress)?

                          Both    Neither     No           Obama   Reps   (vol.)   (vol.)    opinion 3/29/09    58      25      1       14          2 2/22/09    61      26      1        9          3  Compare to:  G.W. Bush or the Democrats in Congress:                              Both    Neither     No             Bush     Dems   (vol.)   (vol.)    opinion 6/1/07       36       54       1        6         2 2/25/07      36       56       1        6         2 1/19/07      32       60       1        4         2 12/11/06     34       58       1        5         2 1/18/04      43       50       1        4         3 4/30/03      51       41       2        2         3 11/6/01      51       36       5        4         5 9/9/01       44       50       1        3         2 7/30/01      47       46       1        4         1 6/3/01       44       46       2        6         2  Clinton or the Republicans in Congress:*                              Both    Neither     No            Clinton   Reps   (vol.)   (vol.)    opinion 1/23/96      51       34      11        3         2  10/30/95     38       50       9        1         2  10/1/95      44       44       8        2         3  7/17/95      42       51       4        1         2  3/19/95      43       47       7        1         2  1/4/95       34       56       3        1         5  12/20/94     36       59      NA       NA         5 11/14/93     45       37       3       12         3 8/8/93       48       35       1       13         3 6/28/93      45       40       1       10         4 4/26/93      59       29       4        7         1  G.H.W. Bush or the Democrats in Congress:*                              Both    Neither     No             Bush     Dems   (vol.)   (vol.)    opinion 3/11/92      37       36       1       20         7 3/8/92       32       44       3       14         6 2/2/92       40       44       1        9         5 1/29/92      38       41       2       13         5 12/15/91     36       46       2       12         4 *"on the economy" 

5. Do you approve or disapprove of the federal government's overall response to the economic situation?

           -------- Approve --------   ------- Disapprove ------     No                     NET   Strongly   Somewhat   NET   Somewhat   Strongly   opinion       3/29/09    49       18         31      48       17         31         3       12/14/08   23        4         19      72       26         47         4  

6. Do you think the nation's economy is getting better, getting worse or staying the same?

Getting   Getting   Staying      No                better     worse    the same   opinion  3/29/09         27        36        36          1 3/15/09         14        48        36          2 2/15/09          8        58        31          3 1/19/09          6        62        31          1 12/15/08         9        64        25          1 11/16/08        16        55        28          1 10/13/08         2        82        13          2 9/15/08         13        52        34          2 8/17/08          6        58        36          * 7/13/08          2        78        18          2 6/15/08          4        74        21          1 5/11/08          4        77        18          1 4/13/08          3        73        22          1 3/16/08          3        68        28          2 2/17/08          8        62        29          1 1/13/08          5        65        29          1  12/16/07         8        61        28          3 11/18/07         7        68        25          1 10/14/07        11        55        30          4 9/16/07          8        49        41          1 8/12/07         15        57        26          2 7/15/07         12        51        36          0 6/17/07         11        52        35          2 5/13/07         14        55        29          2 4/15/07         13        46        40          2 3/18/07         15        49        35          2 2/19/07         16        41        41          1 1/14/07         18        34        45          2  12/17/06        18        34        46          2 11/12/06        19        37        42          3 10/15/06        17        45        36          3 9/17/06         14        50        35          1 8/13/06         15        54        30          1 7/16/06         14        52        34          1 6/18/06         16        51        32          1 5/14/06         14        56        29          1 4/16/06         19        47        33          2 3/12/06         14        49        36          1 2/12/06         17        48        33          2 1/15/06         20        39        38          3  12/18/05        18        47        33          2 11/13/05        18        52        28          2 10/16/05         9        57        32          2 9/18/05         11        60        27          2 8/14/05         16        41        40          3 7/17/05         21        43        33          2 6/19/05         17        43        38          1 5/15/05         16        51        32          1 4/17/05         14        48        34          3 3/13/05         23        40        35          1 2/13/05         17        40        39          3 1/16/05         22        34        42          2   12/12/04        29        33        38          1 11/14/04        28        33        37          2   10/17/04        27        42        30          1   9/12/04         26        38        35          1   8/15/04         24        38        36          2   7/18/04         29        36        33          2   6/13/04         28        38        34          *   5/16/04         25        41        32          2   4/18/04         26        37        35          2 3/14/04         23        42        34          1   2/15/04         29        37        32          2   1/18/04         34        27        37          1    12/14/03        35        27        37          2   11/16/03        32        28        38          2   10/12/03        30        32        35          3   9/14/03         25        39        34          2   8/17/03         26        38        36          1   7/20/03         20        37        42          1   6/15/03         25        33        43          0   5/11/03         22        36        41          0   4/13/03         20        37        43          0   3/16/03          9        52        39          0   2/16/03         20        44        36          0   1/19/03         19        43        37          0    12/29/02        16        44        39          1   12/1/02         21        37        42          1   11/3/02         17        38        44          0  10/6/02         14        48        37          1  9/1/02          19        36        44          1  8/4/02          21        43        34          0  7/28/02         17        44        39          1  7/15/02         20        36        43          2  7/7/02          22        37        41          0  6/9/02          27        29        43          1  5/12/02         35        27        38          0  4/14/02         34        26        40          0  3/17/02         47        20        32          1  2/17/02         29        27        42          2  1/20/02         25        36        39          1   12/9/01         24        37        38          1  11/11/01        16        48        36          1  10/14/01        15        46        39          0  9/16/01          9        44        46          1  8/12/01         16        46        38          0  7/15/01         13        40        46          0  6/17/01         17        45        38          1  5/20/01         13        47        39          0  4/22/01         12        44        44          0  3/25/01         13        49        37          1  2/11/01         13        45        41          1  1/14/01         12        40        47          1   7/9/00          21        28        50          0   9/12/99         21        23        56          1  5/23/99         24        26        49          1  1/31/99         28        21        50          0  1/03/99         29        21        47          2   11/08/98        26        27        47          0  10/11/98        24        31        44          1  9/27/98         26        31        43          0  9/13/98         20        27        53          0  6/21/98         30        21        49          0  5/24/98         34        22        42          1  4/26/98         31        21        47          1   10/26/97        22        25        51          0  8/3/97          24        20        55          1  6/22/97         25        26        47          1  3/2/97          17        27        55          0  2/2/97          23        27        49          0  1/5/97          21        27        52          0   10/27/96        23        29        48          1  9/29/96         20        28        52          0  9/1/96          18        36        46          1  7/7/96          13        40        48          0  6/9/96          12        43        44          0  5/12/96         15        45        40          0  4/14/96         13        38        48          0  3/17/96         15        41        43          *   10/1/95         16        39        44          0  8/6/95          15        36        50          0  7/9/95          13        39        47          1  6/11/95         13        35        51          0  5/14/95         16        41        42          0  3/19/95         19        38        43          0   10/2/94         21        38        41          0  9/25/94         20        36        43          1  9/18/94         19        35        45          1  7/10/94         21        33        46          0  6/26/94         24        30        46          0  5/29/94         23        33        44          0  4/3/94          23        28        48          1  2/27/94         30        27        43          0  2/13/94         34        25        41          0  1/30/94         34        24        42          0  1/16/94         32        25        43          0  1/2/94          30        25        45          0   12/19/93        25        30        46          0  12/5/93         22        31        47          0  11/21/93        20        37        42          1  11/7/93         15        37        48          0  10/24/93        12        39        49          0  10/10/93        16        37        46          0  9/26/93         17        37        45          0  9/12/93         16        32        52          0  8/29/93         13        42        45          0  8/15/93         16        39        45          1  8/1/93          13        35        52          0  7/4/93          14        35        51          0  6/20/93         16        35        49          0  6/6/93          14        35        50          0  5/23/93         13        33        54          1  5/9/93          14        34        52          0  4/25/93         25        26        49          0  4/11/93         17        30        52          0  3/28/93         26        29        45          0  3/14/93         23        24        52          0  2/28/93         23        28        47          2  2/14/93         30        24        45          1  1/31/93         29        26        45          0  1/17/93         29        23        47          1  1/3/93          33        17        48          2   12/20/92        31        25        43          1  12/6/92         26        27        47          0  11/22/92        17        32        51          0  11/8/92         16        47        37          0  10/25/92        12        46        42          0  10/11/92         6        52        42          0  9/27/92         10        48        42          0  9/13/92          9        58        33          1  8/30/92          8        48        43          0  8/16/92         12        45        43          0  8/2/92          12        41        48          0  7/19/92         11        52        37          0  7/5/92          18        47        35          0  6/21/92         15        41        43          0  6/7/92          18        36        46          0  5/24/92         15        45        40          0  5/10/92         19        38        42          0  4/26/92         18        39        44          0  4/12/92         17        41        41          0  3/29/92         16        42        42          0  3/25/92         15        45        40          0  3/15/92         9         48        42          0  3/1/92          9         55        36          0   2/16/92         8         48        44          0   2/2/92          9         57        34          0     1/19/92         7         58        35          0   1/5/92          8         54        38          0    12/22/91        4         66        30          0   12/08/91        6         60        29          5   11/24/91        6         53        37          4   11/10/91        12        50        38          0   10/27/91        11        44        44          1   10/21/91        9         56        34          1   09/22/91        16        41        41          2   09/08/91        16        40        41          3   08/25/91        17        40        40          3   08/11/91        16        44        38          2   07/28/91        13        53        34          0   07/28/91        19        46        33          2   07/14/91        19        42        37          2   06/30/91        20        40        38          2   06/02/91        20        44        35          1   04/09/91        18        49        31          2   03/04/91        10        53        36          1   01/27/91        6         65        28          1    11/01/90        4         77        19          0   10/14/90        3         77        19          1   09/09/90        5         64        31          0   07/24/90        9         58        32          1   05/21/90        7         46        47          0   02/04/90        10        42        48          0   01/16/90        11        38        51          0    08/21/89        15        32        53          0   06/19/89        12        37        51          0   05/23/89        12        37        50          1   04/03/89        9         39        51          1   02/14/89        16        36        47          1   01/16/89        25        36        38          1    10/10/88        24        34        42          0   07/20/88        24        39        35          2   07/11/88        23        36        41          0   05/25/88        16        42        41          1   03/21/88        20        44        36          0   01/23/88        18        45        37          0    12/17/87        15        47        38          0   12/13/87        14        49        36          1   12/02/87        15        53        31          1   11/05/87        10        56        32          2   10/26/87        12        60        28          0   10/19/87        17        47        36          0   06/29/87        19        38        43          0   06/01/87        20        38        41          1   04/13/87        20        37        42          1   03/09/87        22        36        41          1   02/28/87        18        48        33          1   01/18/87        23        38        38          1    09/08/86        30        34        35          1   06/23/86        32        30        38          0   05/19/86        35        28        36          1    04/28/86        40        28        32          0    03/24/86        42        24        33          1    02/12/86        29        27        43          1     12/17/85        30        30        37          3    10/28/85        27        35        37          1    09/23/85        27        32        39          2    07/29/85        32        29        39          0    06/22/85        37        28        35          0    05/13/85        32        29        38          1    03/25/85        36        27        37          0    02/26/85        41        25        32          2    01/16/85        43        12        44          1    07/08/84        43        26        31          0    05/22/84        40        23        36          1    01/17/84        49        19        31          1     12/13/83        46        20        31          3    11/07/83        44        20        36          0    09/26/83        44        20        35          1    08/01/83        50        19        30          1  06/19/83        36        20        42          2  05/15/83        43        17        39          1  04/12/83        37        21        40          2  03/02/83        39        21        39          1  01/22/83        18        46        36          0   12/18/82        20        53        26          1  10/11/82        21        48        28          3  09/13/82        21        45        33          1  08/17/82        17        50        31          2  04/25/82        21        47        30          2  03/08/82        13        59        27          1  01/30/82        17        50        31          2   12/12/81        12        54        32          2  11/22/81        11        55        33          1  10/18/81        17        40        41          2  09/20/81        12        42        44          2  05/20/81        14        49        36          1  03/06/81         9        54        36          1  

7. How much blame do you think [ITEM] deserve(s) for the country's economic situation - a great deal, a good amount, only some or hardly any?

3/29/09 - Summary Table  a. Banks and other financial institutions, for taking unnecessary risks  b. The Bush administration, for inadequate regulation of the financial industry c. Large business corporations, for poor management decisions d. Consumers, for taking on too much debt e. The Obama administration, for not doing enough to turn the economy around                 --Grt deal/gd amt-   ----Some/hardly any/none----                      Great   Good         Only   Hardly    None      No                NET   deal    amt    NET   some    any     (vol.)   opinion a. Banks       80     56      24    19     15      4         *        1 b. Bush        70     47      23    29     21      7         1        2 c. Business    80     57      23    19     14      5         1        1 d. Consumers   72     39      33    28     20      7         *        * e. Obama       26     13      13    72     27     39         6        2 

8. Would you describe yourself as angry or not angry about the role [ITEM] have/has played in the economic situation?

3/29/09 - Summary Table                                              Angry   Not angry   No opinion a. Banks and other financial institutions    68        31           1 b. The Bush administration                   60        39           2 c. Large business corporations               68        31           1 d. Consumers                                 41        56           2 e. The Obama administration                  21        77           2 

9. Would you describe yourself as angry or not angry about [ITEM]?

3/29/09 - Summary Table                                              Angry   Not angry   No opinion a. Large bonuses being paid to employees    at companies that have accepted    government loans                          81        18           1    b. The overall levels of compensation paid    to top corporate executives               74        24           2  

10. Which of these do you think is more important right now - (increasing federal spending to try to improve the economy, even if it sharply increases the federal budget deficit); or (avoiding a big increase in the federal budget deficit, even if it means not increasing federal spending to try to improve the economy)?

Increasing spending   Avoiding deficit   No opinion 3/29/09            49                  47              5 1/16/09            51                  44              4 

11. How confident are you that Obama's economic program will improve the economy - very confident, fairly confident, not very confident or not confident at all?

               ---- Confident ----   ------ Not Confident ------     No               NET   Very   Fairly   NET   Not very   Not at all   opinion 3/29/09       64     23      41     35       18          17          1 1/16/09       72     23      48     28       17          11          *  Compare to: Reagan  4/12/83       52     13      38     48       24          23          1 1/22/83       45     13      32     53       28          25          2 10/11/82 LV   49     12      37     48       23          25          3  

12. Do you happen to have visited the website called RECOVERY DOT GOV, or not?

 Yes   No   No opinion 3/29/09    6    94        * 

13. Which of these statements comes closer to your view: (Beneath it all, Obama is an old-style, tax-and-spend Democrat.) -OR- (Obama is a new-style Democrat who will be careful with the public's money.)

                                  Neither           Old-style   New-style   (vol.)    No opinion 3/29/09      32          62          3           3  Compare to: Clinton  5/22/96      44          50         NA           6   1/29/95      40          54          4           2 1/4/95       48          45          3           3   2/27/94      40          52          6           3   1/23/94      40          49          6           5   11/14/93     48          44          5           2 8/8/93       45          50          3           2 6/28/93      45          50          3           2 5/23/93      48          48          2           2 4/26/93      37          59          3           1 2/28/93      35          61          3           1 

Questions 14 through 16 held for future release.

17. Changing topics, do you have a favorable or unfavorable impression of Michelle Obama? Do you feel that way strongly or somewhat?

             ------- Favorable -------   ------ Unfavorable ------     No                 NET   Strongly   Somewhat   NET   Somewhat   Strongly   opinion  3/29/09      76       46         33      16        9          7         8  1/16/09      72       38         34      17       10          7        11  8/22/08 RV   51       26         25      30       14         16        19  6/15/08      48       21         27      29       11         18        23  

Questions 18 to 29 held for future release.

901. Generally speaking, do you usually think of yourself as (a Democrat), (a Republican), an independent or what? IF NOT DEMOCRAT OR REPUBLICAN: Do you lean more towards the (Democratic Party) or (Republican Party)?

                                                                   ---Non-Partisans--                                                                    Lean   Lean    No             Democrat   Republican   Independent   Other   No op.   Dem.   Rep.   Lean 3/29/09        36          25            33         5       1       15     16      8 2/22/09        36          24            34         5       1       18     13      9 1/16/09        35          23            36         5       1       20     12     11 12/14/08       37          24            35         4       1       16     13     10 11/3/08        35          26            30         6       2       13     10     15 10/11/08       36          26            31         4       2       15     12     10 9/29/08        34          26            31         8       2       17     12     12 9/22/08        36          26            31         5       2       18      9     11 9/7/08         35          26            33         5       2       15     14     11 8/22/08        36          23            34         6       1       16     14     10 7/13/08        37          24            33         6       1       16     14     10 6/15/08        38          24            34         4       1       16     14      8 5/11/08        34          28            34         4       1       19     11      8 4/13/08        35          29            30         5       1       15     13      8 3/2/08         40          28            28         3       1       15      8      9 2/1/08         37          26            32         4       1       16     11     10 1/12/08        39          27            29         5       1       13      9     12  

908a. Would you say your views on most political matters are liberal, moderate, or conservative?

                                                     Don't think in      No             Liberal    Moderate    Conservative    those terms (vol.)    op. 3/29/09        20         38            38                  2             2 2/22/09        23         38            37                  1             1 1/16/09        24         42            32                  *             1 12/14/08       22         37            37                  1             2 10/11/08 RV    22         44            34                  *             1 9/29/08 RV     19         44            34                  1             1 9/22/08 RV     23         41            32                  2             1 9/7/08  RV     22         39            36                  1             2 8/22/08        22         41            33                  2             2 7/13/08        19         43            35                  2             1 6/15/08        21         43            33                  1             2 5/11/08        24         39            34                  2             1 4/13/08        24         38            35                  1             2 3/2/08         19         48            30                  2             2 2/1/08         25         38            34                  2             1 1/12/08        24         36            36                  2             1 12/9/07        24         38            36                  1             1 11/1/07        24         41            32                  1             1 9/30/07        24         45            30                  1             1 9/7/07         20         39            39                  1             2 7/21/07        25         39            32                  3             1 6/1/07         24         36            37                  2             1 4/15/07        24         42            32                  1             1 2/25/07        23         40            35                  1             1 1/19/07        23         41            33                  1             1 12/11/06       23         42            33                  2             1 11/4/06        19         42            36                  2             1 10/22/06       22         42            32                  2             2 10/8/06        21         43            33                  1             1 9/7/06         24         39            33                  2             2 8/6/06         18         42            38                  1             1 6/25/06        21         41            35                  1             1 5/15/06        19         48            31                  1             1 5/11/06        18         49            33                  *             * 4/9/06         21         41            35                  2             1 3/5/06         22         42            33                  2             1 1/26/06        21         40            37                  1             1 1/8/06         20         40            37                  2             1 12/18/05       22         42            34                  1             1 11/2/05        23         44            32                  1             * 9/11/05        22         44            31                  2             2 8/28/05        20         44            34                  2             1 6/26/05        21         44            33                  1             1 6/5/05         23         40            35                  1             * 4/24/05        20         47            30                  1             1  

INCOME. Which of the following CATEGORIES best describes your total annual household income before taxes, from all sources

            -------Less than $50k-------   --------More than $50k--------             NET   <20k   20-35k   35-50k   NET   50-75k   75-100k   100k+ 3/29/08     49     15      16       17     48      18        13       17 2/22/08     48     16      16       17     50      19        13       19 1/16/08     52     17      18       17     48      16        13       19 12/14/08    44     14      15       15     54      18        15       21 10/11/08 RV 41     12      14       16     56      20        15       22 9/29/08  RV 42     10      14       17     56      18        16       22 9/22/08  RV 40     12      14       14     57      21        14       22 9/22/08     46     16      16       14     50      18        12       20 9/7/08   RV 44     13      14       17     56      17        15       24 8/22/08  RV 39     10      11       18     59      19        16       24 8/22/08     43     15      12       17     53      18        15       21 7/13/08  RV 43     14      14       15     54      16        14       24 7/13/08     48     18      15       15     50      16        12       21 6/15/08     47     18      15       15     51      18        15       18 5/11/08     47     15      16       17     50      18        13       19 4/13/08     47     17      13       17     51      18        14       18 3/2/08      44     14      13       17     52      17        13       22 2/1/08      48     17      16       15     48      18        12       18 1/12/08     46     12      18       16     51      19        13       19 12/9/07     49     14      17       18     48      15        15       18 11/1/07     48     14      16       17     49      16        13       21 9/30/07     53     17      16       20     44      18        12       14 9/7/07      43     10      17       16     54      19        15       20 7/21/07     46     16      14       16     51      18        13       19 6/1/07      49     15      18       16     49      18        13       18 4/15/07     46     15      16       15     51      20        13       18 2/25/07     46     10      16       20     51      20        14       17 1/19/07     49     16      17       15     49      16        13       20 12/11/06    46     11      16       19     51      18        16       17 10/22/06    52     16      20       17     45      16        11       17 10/8/06     46     13      16       17     51      22        13       16 9/7/06      51     16      18       17     47      17        15       15 8/6/06      49     14      16       18     48      20        12       16 6/25/06     50     16      16       19     47      19        11       17 5/15/06     52     14      18       21     46      16        13       17 5/11/06     46      9      18       18     53      18        15       20 4/9/06      53     16      20       17     47      19        12       16 3/5/06      50     16      18       16     48      20        12       16 1/26/06     52     20      15       17     46      18        12       16 12/18/05    54     17      19       18     44      18        12       15 11/2/05     52     14      18       20     46      19        13       14 9/11/05     55     18      20       17     42      18        11       14 8/28/05     52     18      15       19     46      18        11       16 6/26/05     49     14      17       18     49      19        14       16 6/5/05      55     15      20       20     43      17        13       14 4/24/05     55     15      21       19     45      18        12       15

30 mar 2009

modeleset maths

esse-t-on de consulter la météo après une tempête imprévue ? Non, bien sûr. Les tornades et tsunamis délivrent au contraire des données que les scientifiques des services de météorologie s'empressent d'analyser pour perfectionner leurs prévisions.
Ainsi en est-il de la finance. La crise donne du grain à moudre aux mathématiciens. Près de 600 d'entre eux étaient réunis les 19 et 20 mars, à Paris, à l'occasion du deuxième Forum international sur la recherche en finance, organisé par l'Institut Europlace. "La crise est un cas magnifique pour un chercheur ; un cas intéressant, comme dirait un médecin d'un malade", apprécie Pierre-Louis Lions, médaille Fields (l'équivalent du prix Nobel pour les mathématiciens de moins de 40 ans) et professeur au Collège de France.
"On a trop fait confiance à des modèles trop simples, à des agences de notation qui elles aussi s'appuyaient sur des modèles simplistes", souligne Michel Crouhy, directeur recherche et développement de Natixis. "Les banques qui ont le moins perdu sont celles qui ont utilisé les modèles les plus sophistiqués", affirme Valérie Rabault, responsable Risk Strategy pour les activités Dérivés-action de BNP Paribas.
La crise permet de mieux cerner les faiblesses des modèles mathématiques. Quatre défis attendent les chercheurs.
Premier défi : la fiabilité des données. Les modèles ne peuvent être fiables que s'ils utilisent des données qui le sont. Or ce n'était plus le cas dans les années qui précédèrent la crise. "En 2000, les trois quarts des prêts américains immobiliers risqués (les subprimes) étaient bien documentés. En 2006, la moitié seulement l'était. Car vérifier l'information coûte cher", explique Til Schuermann, de la Banque centrale (Federal Reserve) de New York.
Deuxième défi : gérer la pénurie. Les modèles et les régulations conduisent un grand nombre d'acteurs à adopter le même comportement. Quand la crise a commencé, ils ont été nombreux à vouloir acheter les mêmes produits pour se couvrir, et n'en ont plus trouvé sur le marché. Ou, quand il y en avait, "ils étaient vendus à des prix exorbitants, du fait d'une volatilité (fluctuation des cours) exceptionnelle", observe Mme Rabault.
En outre, "les instruments nécessaires pour couvrir des titres dont la valeur chute de plus de 40 % en quelques jours n'existaient tout simplement pas sur les marchés cotés, parce que personne n'avait pensé que des clients en auraient un jour besoin", ajoute cette spécialiste. Cette situation de pénurie n'est pas prévue dans les modèles, qui considèrent que tout produit financier est à tout moment disponible sur le marché. "Ce risque de liquidité intéresse les chercheurs", confirme Monique Jeanblanc, professeure de mathématiques à l'université d'Evry.
Troisième défi : les interactions entre les acteurs. Au lieu de gérer la situation d'une banque indépendamment des autres, les modèles mathématiques devront prendre en compte "le risque systémique", ajoute Christian Gouriéroux, professeur au Centre de recherche en économie et statistiques (Crest) et à l'université de Toronto. Les comportements des traders doivent être mieux étudiés. "La crise va recentrer la recherche vers la compréhension des mécanismes, les interactions entre les agents, la physique du marché", se réjouit Frédéric Abergel, professeur, titulaire de la chaire de finance quantitative à l'Ecole centrale de Paris.
Ces modèles existaient depuis le début de la décennie, mais étaient peu utilisés "parce qu'ils mettaient plus en évidence les risques, ce qui impliquait que les banques devaient faire plus de provisions, hypothèse qu'elles n'avaient guère envie d'entendre ! La crise va faire ressortir ces modèles issus de l'éconophysique, qui complètent les modèles mathématiques", ajoute M. Abergel. Pour y parvenir, il faut aussi que les modèles ne soient plus statiques, comme le sont la plupart d'entre eux, mais dynamiques, c'est-à-dire qu'ils tiennent compte de l'évolution des situations et des risques encourus. Mais peu de praticiens sont formés à l'utilisation des modèles dynamiques.
Quatrième défi : mieux considérer les risques. Le métier de gestionnaire des risques est moins respecté que celui de commercial (trader). "Mes meilleurs étudiants ont été embauchés par les traders. Ceux chargés de mesurer les risques étaient moins bien traités, ce qui a introduit des distorsions. C'est un point clé de l'histoire", insiste Jean-Michel Lasry, conseiller scientifique de Calyon. A diplôme égal, un mathématicien travaillant à la gestion des risques, avec cinq ans d'expérience, gagne environ quatre à cinq fois moins que son collègue "quant" - analyste quantitatif, spécialiste des titres financiers sophistiqués -, qui met ses compétences aux profits des traders. CQFD.
Annie Kahn

NUEVA MONEDA INTERNACIONAL PIDE CHINA

BEIJING [DPA]. La pugna por un nuevo orden financiero mundial está a toda marcha. China tomó a Estados Unidos por sorpresa con su osada propuesta de reemplazar al dólar como principal divisa internacional por una nueva supermoneda, aún por crearse.
Con ello, el director del Banco Central de China, Zhou Xiaochuan, cuestionó a Washington y su posición dominante en el sistema financiero mundial. La vieja arquitectura monetaria es ya obsoleta —indicó Zhou— y es necesario reformarla.
“El estallido de la crisis y sus consecuencias en todo el mundo reflejan la fragilidad interna y los riesgos inherentes al sistema monetario internacional”, apuntó.
Según la propuesta, el nuevo sistema, que contaría con una moneda global de reserva y que sería administrado por el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), debe ser independiente de la influencia de determinados países.
La base para la nueva divisa la constituirían los llamados derechos especiales de emisión (SDR, por sus siglas en inglés), una unidad monetaria creada en 1969 con fines de contabilidad, que se basa actualmente en cuatro monedas: en el dólar y el euro, principalmente, y en menor medida en el yen y la libra esterlina.

29 mar 2009

ABOUT PROTECTIONISM


AlterNet

Washington Post's "Free-Trade" Zombies Discover New Form of "Protectionism"

By Joshua Holland, AlterNet
Posted on March 28, 2009, Printed on March 28, 2009
http://www.alternet.org/bloggers/www.alternet.org/133926/

What do you call it when a government takes over a bank teetering on the brink of collapse, pumps truck-loads of public funds into it, and then asks it to, you know, maybe make some loans to the families and businesses whose taxes financed its rescue in the first place?

Like me, you'd probably call it a fairly commonsense policy. But if you were the kind of mindless "free-trade"-worshiping zombie who writes for the Washington Post, you'd probably call it "protectionism in the 21st century." Like this:

EDINBURGH, Scotland -- Once as rooted in the Scottish soil as this city's famous castle, the Royal Bank of Scotland ventured far during the era of globalization -- pumping billions of dollars worth of credit overseas as it expanded into markets as diverse as Kazakhstan, China and Rhode Island.

But just as RBS came to symbolize the free flow of credit across borders, the worldwide financial crisis has turned it into a leading example of the reverse: protectionism in the 21st century.

The government took majority control of the venerable bank four months ago after it suffered the worst corporate loss in British history. Authorities promptly issued a fresh directive: RBS, which had been in private hands since 1727, would have to sharply boost lending to British companies and home buyers stung by the global credit crunch -- effectively curtailing lending to its equally hard-hit customers overseas. As RBS prepares to comply with the government order to pump billions of dollars more into British credit markets, it is retrenching in at least 15 countries, moving to sell off branches from Vietnam to Romania.

Even the WaPo writers know they're torturing the definition of protectionism, as illustrated by this ass-covering graph:

World leaders gathering for a major economic summit in London next week are vowing not to repeat the trade wars of the 1930s by imposing the kind of protectionist tariffs on butter, steel and other goods that deepened the Great Depression. But while their promises center largely on avoiding classic forms of trade barriers -- such as higher taxes on imported cars -- the rise of financial protectionism poses a far greater threat to global recovery..

The short response to this ridiculous stretch of the concept of "protectionism" is fairly straightforward: RBS was no longer capable of functioning as a private institution.. It made bad bets. It was going to go belly-up, but was deemed "too big to fail," so it was nationalized by the UK, not by the governments of Vietnam or Romania. And it's clearly not a form of "protectionism" as the Brits didn't do anything to hinder or regulate the flow of capital in and out of the UK -- they imposed conditions on a single institution, which the government happens to own.

But I think the more interesting thing here is the ever-expanding definition of a "trade barrier."

Let me take a brief moment to tease out the crucially important distinction between "classic forms of trade barriers," and screaming "protectionism" about anything that in any way impacts international commerce. We'll need a bit of background.

Most people still believe that discussions of "free-trade" are about ships full of bananas or ball bearings or high-tech widgets crossing oceans. Understanding why that's just a small part of the issue is key to grasping the difference between "free trade" and what these deals we've been signing for the last 30 years are really about -- a corporate power grab.

Prior to World War II, trade wars were common, and they often led to shooting wars. In the mid-1940s the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was created to foster world peace. Many of its authors were FDR liberals. They had high ideals.

Between 1944 and the mid-1990s, trade negotiations were conducted by (mostly) white guys in business suits and nobody really gave a damn. Poor countries griped about agricultural subsidies and the rich countries' protectionism, but they were also free to try various development strategies (a big subject itself, but one for another day).

During the first decades of the GATT, which governed trade between 1947-1995, the United States and "old" Europe had economies based heavily on manufacturing. But today, almost all advanced economies share a very similar distribution: about one to two percent in agriculture, maybe 20 or so percent in manufacturing and around 80 percent in services.

For the first forty or so years of its existence, the members of the GATT negotiated reductions in tariffs, quotas and other traditional forms of market protectionism. They were the manufacturers, and those deals were for the most part negotiated on a level playing field between the world's advanced economies -- what they call "North-North" negotiations in trade lingo.

Those who brand opponents of today's trade deals "protectionists" might ask themselves why nobody resisted the GATT during those years of slashing tariffs and quotas and the like.

Beginning in the 1970s two things happened -- or I should say two things aside from the oil shock of '73.

In 1979, during the Tokyo round of the GATT, negotiators began looking at "non-tariff barriers." These included onerous customs procedures, mountains of paperwork required to import goods, subsidies for domestic industry, etc.

That shift to "non-tariff barriers" coincided with the emergence of the new conservative movement -- with its think tanks and front groups -- and the elections of Reagan and Thatcher to head the world's leading political and economic powers.

That marked the beginning of both a precipitous decline in union membership and a massive shift in the wealthy economies -- their bread and butter went from manufacturing to services (the latter having already begun after the oil shock).

When it comes to services -- and this is really a key point -- there's a massive pile of cash just sitting out there in the things that governments commonly did at the time: from education to sanitation and everything in between. According to Tony Clarke of the Polaris Institute, a Canadian NGO, the total estimated value of the world's service sector -- including public services -- is between 15-20 trillion dollars. That's a honeypot.

Now, once they started looking at non-tariff barriers, it was inevitable that somewhere along the line, someone in those think tanks said, "we can call all those environmental laws or food-safety regulations non-tariff barriers too!"

With that mindset, in 1986, after seven years of negotiating, the GATT culminated in the creation of the WTO, which had enforcement powers unlike any other multilateral organization. But its rules hadn't been written up by FDR liberals, but by Reagan-Thatcher big-business conservatives.

Using the Freedom of Information Act, Public Citizen found that of 500 "experts" who sat on the advisory boards that hammered out the thousands of pages of the WTO treaty, there were a dozen representatives of labor. There were none from groups advocating for the environment, poor country development, human rights or anything else. The rest were multinational execs and various lawyers, lobbyists and industry experts.

For too many of them, the new "free trade" framework provided a back door through which they could advance a broader agenda. They could push a set of treaties that pressured -- and in many instances legally compelled -- domestic legislatures to conform to the prevailing economic theories known as the "Washington Consensus" (whenever anyone calls something a "consensus," it probably isn't even close). And the definition of "non-tariff barrier" continued to expand.

(In the meantime, since the early days of the GATT, dozens of countries -- many of them newly liberated from the clutches of European colonialism -- had been added -- and most were poor and had poor infrastructure and very different economic distributions. Many relied on agriculture not only for food, but also as a significant source of employment. Early on, the developed countries promised to start cutting agricultural subsidies and giving those developing countries a level playing field for agriculture but so far they just haven't gotten around to it on the scale promised.)

By the time we got to the "Singapore Round" in 1996, there was an aggressive push to 1) enact a broad set of "investor protections" that made a variety of laws -- some protecting the public interest -- subject to the WTO's dispute-resolution process and 2) allow countries (or even private companies) to exert pressure on other governments to privatize their public services.

Organized labor, community activists, environmentalists, food security specialists, farmers and many other groups started to see these rules as a significant threat to their work. They gathered to greet the Ministers a few years later in Seattle -- the famous "teamsters and turtles" coalition -- and that led to the infamous "Battle in Seattle" (which was actually a brutal police riot). And since that time, the fight has really been about how deep into the realm of domestic policy trade agreements should reach.

Which brings us back to the Washington Post's new discovery: a form of "protectionism" that in fact is a purely a domestic matter between a government and a single bank that it owns.

Be wary of the trend, or everything your elected officials do will eventually be constrained in the name of supporting "free trade" over an all-encompassing definition of "protectionism."

Joshua Holland is an editor and senior writer at AlterNet.

© www.alternet.org/133926/






28 mar 2009

BBCMundo.com: Banqueros: ni con ellos, ni sin ellos

** Banqueros: ni con ellos, ni sin ellos **
Obama discutió el futuro de EE.UU. con los banqueros, pero ¿cuál es la relación entre el presidente y Wall Street?<!-Economía, EE.UU., Wall Street-->
< http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/em/fr/-/hi/spanish/business/newsid_7969000/7969053.stm >

BBCMundo.com: Protesta en Londres antes del G-20

** Protesta en Londres antes del G-20 **
Decenas de miles marcharon en Londres pidiendo medidas contra la pobreza, el cambio climático y el desempleo.<!-Internacional, Londres, G20, Protestas-->
< http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/em/fr/-/hi/spanish/business/newsid_7970000/7970077.stm >

BBCMundo.com: "La crisis la crearon los blancos"

** &#34;La crisis la crearon los blancos&#34; **
El presidente brasileño dijo ante el primer ministro británico que los pobres no pueden pagar por la crisis global.<!-Economía, Reino Unido, Brasil, Fondo-->
< http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/em/fr/-/hi/spanish/business/newsid_7967000/7967149.stm >

25 mar 2009

BBCMundo.com: FMI reforma pol��tica de préstamos

** FMI reforma política de préstamos **
El Fondo Monetario Internacional busca hacer más flexible la asistencia que le brinda a los países miembros.<!-Economía, FMI, Préstamoss-->
< http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/em/fr/-/hi/spanish/business/newsid_7962000/7962616.stm >

BBCMundo.com: US$10.000 millones para el Sur

** US$10.000 millones para el Sur **
Venezuela, Argentina y Brasil harán el mayor aporte para el capital del Banco del Sur que podría funcionar este año.
< http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/em/fr/-/hi/spanish/business/newsid_7962000/7962421.stm >

BBCMundo.com: China propone dejar el dólar

** China propone dejar el dólar **
Banco Popular plantea crear una nueva divisa de reserva internacional sin vínculos a naciones individuales. <!-Economía, China, Moneda Reserva->
< http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/em/fr/-/hi/spanish/business/newsid_7961000/7961146.stm >

24 mar 2009

Fwd: Macroperu La Economia de Alemania en el 2009

German economy to contract 7pc this year

Germany faces the sharpest economic downturn of any major country in the Western world as unemployment rockets to 5m.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

By Ambrose Evans-Pritchard
Last Updated: 8:05PM GMT 23 Mar 2009



The country may be on the cusp of a Japanese-style "Lost Decade", according to a clutch of grim forecasts by leading banks and economic institutes.

Commerzbank said output is likely to contract by 6pc to 7pc this year as the global recession wreaks havoc on German industrial exports. Foreign industrial orders have fallen by 37pc over the last year.

"The recent collapse in orders compels us to make a massive downward revision to our economic outlook. January orders and production data plunged at a dramatic pace that has no precedent in Germany's post-World War Two history," said Jörg Kramer, the bank's chief economist.

The country's leading think tanks have been scrambling to adjust as it becomes ever clearer that the country went off a cliff over the winter. The IMK Institute has slashed its forecast to minus 5pc this year. The RWI Institute warned that unemployment could reach 5m by the end of 2010 as the delayed time-bomb of mass lay-offs finally detonates.
The mounting social damage is likely to have a transforming effect on the German political landscape when election are held this Autumn. The neo-Marxist Left Party, which proposes nationalisation of huge chunks of the economy, is already angling for 30pc of the vote in Thuringia's regional elections in June as it tears into the Social Democrat flank.
Mr Kramer said Germany is suffering the brunt of the global slump because 40pc of GDP stems from exports. It is heavily reliant on machine tools and engineering that is levearaged to global industrial cycle. "There will be no upward movement next year that deserves to be called an upturn," he said.

The only other G10 country likely to face the same sort of destruction this year is Japan (-7pc), another industrial export power. The bank expects Italy to contract by 4.5pc this year, the US by 4pc, Britain by 3.9pc, and France by 3.5pc.
Axel Weber, the Bundesbank chief, signalled on Monday that European Central Bank is ready to cut interest rates again. "Rates are at 1.5pc in the euro area and heading down," he said.

Mr Weber defended the ECB against a chorus of criticism that it has misread the threat of global deflation and held monetary policy too tight, amplifying the downturn. "We have put in as much monetary stimulus in a short period of time as the central banks in the US and UK," he said.

He said it was unfair to contrast the meagre stimulus packages in Europe with spending blitz in other parts of the world, insisting that generous unemployment pay in most eurozone states acts as an automatic "stabiliser".

There is little doubt however that hawkish policies in Europe have pushed the euro to levels that are taking a toll on manufacturing industry. Eurozone exports fell 24pc in January from a year earlier.

Charles Dumas, global strategist at Lombard Street Research, said Europe's leadership class have ensured "likely disaster" for EMU by assuming for so long that they could continue to rely on "predatory export-led growth" by feeding off world demand rather adopting radical stimulus measures of their own.

"It looks as if surplus countries, particularly those of north-central Europe clustered around Germany, imagine they can wait for recovery and then enjoy export-led growth again," he said.

Mr Dumas said that Europe was paying a high price for refusing to signal its disdain over quantitative easing in the US, Britain, and a growing number other countries. "The higher euro is a disaster for the overvalued countries of Club Med as well as Germany. Italy is overvalued by almost 50pc and is completely sunk in current conditions," he said.

Luxembourg's premier Jean-Claude Juncker, head of the Eurogroup of finance ministers, said the EU had plans to rescue any eurozone state in serious trouble "within hours" but insisted that no such need would ever arise.



__._,_.___

Fwd: Macroperu (ALEMANIA) Entre la "wiedervereinigung"y la "neuevereinigung"

-


Corresponsal en Alemania
Cicatrices de la reunificación alemana
22/03/2009 - 02:32 horas

Una conversación con el editor berlinés Christoph Links, en el veinte aniversario de la caída del muro

Veinte años después de la caída del muro de Berlín, Alemania continúa presentando las señales de una sociedad dividida. La reunificación de 1990 fue una absorción política y económica de la antigua República Democrática Alemana (RDA) a la medida de la élite de Bonn y Francfort, y no ha cerrado aquellas "cicatrices" a las que se refirió el ex Canciller y padre de la "Ostpolitik", Willy Brandt, en su famosa intervención ante la primera sesión del Bundestag de la Alemania reunificada en el Reichstag de Berlín, el 4 de octubre de 1990.

Brandt, que falleció en 1992, apeló en aquella histórica sesión a una reunificación, "sin cicatrices deformantes" que lograra integrar lo que era un único cuerpo nacional mediante, "el aprecio y respeto hacia la autoestima de nuestros hasta ahora separados compatriotas". Entonces, la correlación de fuerzas imperante entre los dos trozos de Alemania, y entre el este y el oeste de Europa, impidió una reunificación más orgánica, popular y social.

La reunificación con la que soñaban los impulsores del movimiento civil de la RDA, a los que tuve la suerte de conocer en directo entre 1983 y 1987, tenía que ser mucho más lenta y pretendía unificar ideas verdes "alternativas" con una ideología de izquierdas democrática. En otras condiciones aquel breve e improvisado programa difuso habría encontrado eco en la población de la RFA. En la práctica, ni siquiera fue capaz de imponer en la negociación la reivindicación de un estatus fuera de la OTAN para la Alemania reunificada, algo para lo que había apoyos sociales mayoritarios en ambas alemanias y que el propio Helmuth Kohl reconoce en sus memorias.

Veinte años después, si la reunificación nacional y estatal de Alemania presenta la evidencia de un hecho sólido, los estudios muestran una cruda división entre las sociedades del este y del oeste. División de mentalidad, de valores y hasta de niveles de paro y de rentas. En desempleo, la zona correspondiente a la antigua RDA dobla al oeste: 14,1% frente al 7%, en datos de febrero. En rentas, los alemanes del este ganan un 12% menos y sus estados federados dependen en un 30% de las transferencias del oeste.

"Aun no podemos decir si la reunificación social ha tenido lugar", dice el sociólogo Wilhelm Heitmayer, de la Universidad de Bielefeld, que dirige desde 2002 la encuesta nacional "Deutsche Zustände". Para Heitmayer los problemas de la integración social de Alemania tienen que ver con una dificultad más general de la nación por integrar y aceptar en la sociedad a los grupos diferentes y más débiles.

Los alemanes del este tachan en las encuestas de "arrogantes" "superficiales" y "peseteros" a sus compatriotas del oeste, mientras que éstos describen a los orientales como "desconfiados", "preocupados" y "holgazanes". Un 64% de los alemanes del este se consideran "ciudadanos de segunda clase", un 72% observa que la reunificación ha supuesto no sólo ventajas sino también desventajas, y un porcentaje similar se declara discriminado. Afirmaciones como "nuestros logros son poco reconocidos" u otras que denotan una sensación de injusticia, son apoyadas en esta encuesta nacional que se realiza desde hace siete años, por más del 70% de los alemanes del este."Todavía no tenemos una sociedad cuyas partes tienden al mutuo acercamiento", dice Heitmayer.

A la pregunta de si Alemania ya es una "patria unida", la respuesta de cuatro sociólogos es un ambiguo "Jein", contracción de "si" y "no" en alemán. Por un lado, en una comparación entre 1996 y 2008, el "orgullo por ser alemán" ha aumentado -sin que ello haya dado lugar a expresiones de un nacionalismo grosero por encima de lo habitual en Europa-. Por el otro, la identificación de unos y otros con la parte oriental u occidental del país, no sólo no ha disminuido sino que se incrementa. Sólo un 60% de los ciudadanos del oeste y un 41% de los del este consideran "integrada" a la nación, en la encuesta publicada por la editorial "Suhrkamp" de Francfort. Únicamente un 17% de los ciudadanos del oeste y un 33% de los del este, han pasado alguna vez un mes entero en el "otro lado" del país, que lleva veinte años sin muro.

La actual Alemania no tiene precedentes históricos. Hasta 1990 nunca había habido una Alemania en las actuales fronteras. Así pues, como dice el teólogo de la antigua RDA Friedrich Schorlemmer, en Alemania no hubo una "reunificación" ("wiedervereinigung"), sino una "nueva unificación" ("neuevereinigung").

Mas allá de la comprensible lírica de la celebración del veinte aniversario de la caída del muro que nos espera este año, la "revolución popular" de la RDA, como toda la eclosión civil del bloque del este, fue una mera consecuencia del inesperado y sorprendente giro de la situación en Moscú.. El guión esencial del "cambio" alemán fue un asunto dictado por las elites occidentales en el que el valioso y respetable movimiento cívico de la RDA puso poco más que la coreografía: una típica "revolución" alemana desde arriba. Esto no es un juicio peyorativo, pues las cosas podían haber ido mucho peor, y en algunas cosas la élite y la población alemana demostraron no pocas virtudes y una inteligente moderación, sino que es un juicio de historiador. La prueba del déficit orgánico de la reunificación es, precisamente, que ha pasado una generación y las cicatrices sociales de todo aquello están a la vista. Que aun deberá pasar otra generación para cerrar el círculo de la reunificación social en Alemania.

Conversación con el editor Christoph Links


Nacido en 1954, el editor Christoph Links fue, en otoño de 1989, el creador de la primera editorial privada de la República Democrática Alemana (RDA). Tras la unificación Links editó algunos de los mejores libros sobre aquel proceso y sus resultados, siendo autor o coautor de algunos de ellos. Es una excelente fuente para hablar del tema.

- ¿Por qué la reunificación alemana, como absorción de la RDA por la RFA no tuvo alternativa?

- En 1990, tanto en el oeste como en el este había interés en una unificación rápida. Los alemanes del este querían alcanzar lo antes posible el nivel de vida y consumo que había en el oeste, mientras que el Canciller Helmuth Kohl estaba muy interesado en ganarse al electorado de Alemania del Este. La CDU y el campo conservador de la República Federal Alemana (RFA) no estaban muy bien situados electoralmente, y en diciembre de 1990, dos meses después de la reunificación, había elecciones generales. Kohl sabía que si añadía 17 millones de alemanes del este mediante una rápida unificación recibiría muchos votos para la CDU, tal como ocurrió. Así que había un interés, político en el oeste y de la gente en el este, que coincidía en una rápida unificación. Los expertos económicos, los jefes de los bancos, incluido el jefe del Bundesbank, aconsejaban en sentido contrario. Dijeron que era demasiado rápido y que había que pasar por un proceso de adaptación, que cuando un nuevo país era aceptado en la Unión Europea, por ejemplo Portugal en su día, se establecía un periodo de transición de entre cinco y siete años para sintonizar la legislación y dar a la economía posibilidades de adaptarse a la nueva situación de competencia del mercado ampliado. Los expertos económicos no fueron escuchados y decidieron los políticos. El resultado es que hoy la unidad política ha funcionado, pero la unificación económica no. La economía es un problema enorme. Todavía hoy, una tercera parte, -más del 30%- del dinero que los estados federados del este necesitan, viene del oeste; son transferencias del oeste, porque en el este no se recaudan suficientes impuestos. Y eso obedece a que la economía del este fue destruida, a que hubo una enorme desindustrialización y a que muchas empresas productivas desaparecieron. Por ejemplo, en mi ramo, el editorial: de las 78 editoriales que había en la RDA, hoy solo quedan 12. El resto fueron compradas por editoriales occidentales y cerradas. Eso pasó también en los otros sectores porque no se necesitaba a las empresas orientales. En el oeste ya había empresas que producían coches, leche, mantequilla... así que la economía del este se fue a pique.

- ¿Qué pasó con el patrimonio nacional de la RDA; empresas y propiedades?

- Más del 90% de las empresas de la RDA eran estatales. La parte privada representaba solo el 7%. O sea que 93% eran estatales. Toda la propiedad estatal pasó a manos del "Treuhandanstalt". Era un holding de todas las empresas estatales y era filial del Ministerio de Finanzas. La RDA había metido en ese holding a todas las empresas estatales a principios de 1990 con el fin de sanearlas, modernizarlas y privatizarlas bajo la supervisión directa del jefe del gobierno. Tras la reunificación del 3 de octubre de 1990, ese holding no pasó ni al Canciller Federal, ni al Ministerio de Economía, como podía pensarse, sino al Ministerio de Finanzas, con el encargo de vender las empresas lo antes posible. Los políticos no querían ninguna empresa productiva del este, sino que querían vender esas empresas lo más rápido posible para recibir dinero para las empresas. Las empresas se vendieron muy rápido y muy barato, a veces por un simbólico marco. El comprador sólo debía comprometerse a mantener la empresa cinco años e invertir en ella.

- ¿Quien estableció esa obligación?

- Estaba en los contratos de venta, pero nadie controló si se cumplía. El "Treuhandanstalt" fue disuelto en 1994. Nadie controló si los empleados continuaban allá otros cinco años, o si se invertía en ellas. Muchas empresas del oeste simplemente compraron a sus competidores del este por un marco, las mantuvieron dos o tres años y luego las cerraron. Por eso hay tan poco trabajo en el este. En el este el paro es el doble que en oeste porque no hay empresas. Las empresas fueron cerradas y no hay donde trabajar.

- En general, ¿qué nivel de fraude, de "raubkapitalismus" hubo en esa operación?

- Las empresas de la RDA eran vetustas, estaban en mal estado y necesitaban inversiones. Muchos esperaban que los compradores del oeste invirtieran. En algunos casos contados eso ocurrió, pero no en general. Los trabajadores despedidos recibieron mucho dinero y luego el estado les dio las llamadas medidas ABM de "creación de empleo" (Arbeitsbeschafungsmassnahmen), es decir darles empleos limpiando calles o parques para que no se rebelasen. Poco a poco, esa cantidad se fue reduciendo de tal forma que la transición fuera lenta, para que no todos se quedaran sin trabajo de golpe. La mayoría de las empresas cerraron. No se las quedó ningún magnate, como fue el caso en Rusia, sino que fueron en su mayoría liquidadas por sus propietarios del oeste.

- En Alemania se habla de "revuelta", de "revolución", de "Wende" (cambio, giro). Esa ambigüedad y confusión a la hora de describir todo aquello relacionado con el movimiento social y ciudadano que contribuyó al hundimiento de la RDA, en el fondo, ¿no denota el simple hecho de que sin Gorbachov, sin el cambio en la URSS, no habría pasado nada en la RDA?

- Cada grupo denomina de forma diferente aquel cambio brusco. Los defensores de los derechos humanos que luchaban por un cambio y una democratización de la RDA, hablan de "revolución". La mayoría de los ex dirigentes del Partido Comunista de la RDA (SED), hablan de un "ingreso" ("Beitritt") de la RDA en la RFA. Los viejos comunistas hablan de una "anexión" o "absorción" ("Anschluss"), pero el concepto que se ha impuesto en el lenguaje cotidiano ha sido el de "Wende", porque se produjo una transformación en la vida de muchas personas y ese cambio es descrito de diversas maneras. Históricamente es correcto calificar de "ingreso" la entrada de la RDA en la legislación fundamental de la RFA, porque no hubo ninguna confluencia o fusión: no se unieron dos partes iguales, sino que una tuvo que adoptar las normas y condiciones de la otra; es decir todo su sistema legal, político y social.

- ¿Una política más incisiva y activa de la URSS de Gorbachov, habría podido alterar esta "Anschluss", por ejemplo poniéndole condiciones? Es la tesis que defiendo en mi libro sobre la mutación de la URSS. Condiciones como, por ejemplo, la salida de la RFA de la OTAN, como el propio Helmuth Kohl reconoce en sus memorias

- Exacto. Gorbachov mantuvo una política indecisa, con ideas e impulsos pero sin un claro concepto...

- He discutido mucho con Gorbachov sobre esto. Él siempre se enfadó cuando se lo apunté, y eso siempre me dejó con la impresión de que la observación le molestaba especialmente, precisamente, porque, en el fondo, la consideraba correcta... Pero pasemos a otro tema; la imagen de la RDA que se fomenta en la Alemania de hoy: Cuando entro en una librería -me refiero en uno de esos supermercados de libros que se llaman librería, tan diferentes de las genuinas librerías con libreros que sabían lo que tenían y por qué- pues bien; cuando entro en ellas en Berlín y miro la sección dedicada a la RDA, casi solo se encuentra material sobre la Stassi (policía de estado) o el estado policial. Todo lo que había en la RDA más allá de la cruda dictadura política y el estado policial... no existe!

- Entre 1990 y el 2000, la política oficial de la Alemania unificada tuvo un fuerte componente para deslegitimar y descalificar a la RDA. Fue una época en la que muchos alemanes del este se sintieron muy frustrados por esa imagen. Hacia 2001 eso provocó la aparición del fenómeno de la "Ostalgie", la nostalgia del este entre los ex ciudadanos de la antigua RDA. De repente había muchas fiestas juveniles con la gente vestida con los uniformes de las juventudes comunistas (FDJ), espectáculos de televisión en los que se exhibían los antiguos lemas y símbolos de la RDA, o que se resaltaban las hazañas deportivas de la RDA... Fue una especie de reacción a ocho o nueve años de discurso negativo hacia ella. La "Ostalgie" enfatizaba lo bien que nos iba, por ejemplo, en la intensidad de la privacidad, o lo guay que era la cultura nudista en las playas del Báltico, el sentido de comunidad, la estabilidad, la seguridad en el trabajo y todo eso... Era un movimiento pendular en la otra dirección, que cambió un poco toda aquella fijación por la Stassi y la opresión. Noté eso en mi editorial; en los primeros diez años sólo recibía manuscritos, de la universidad, de los periodistas, sobre la opresión. Ahora, en los últimos años, se encuentran libros sobre la cultura, la vida cotidiana, la historia común. Hay diferentes visiones y voces de autores que ya no describen a la RDA como mera opresión, dictadura, y estado injusto, sino que se ocupan de otros aspectos y posibilidades de la vida allá.

- ¿Qué ha aportado la RDA a la actual Alemania?

- Hay muchos aspectos prácticos de la RDA que en los primeros diez años de la Alemania unificada fueron políticamente condenados y que hoy se aceptan. Para empezar, en el ámbito de la educación, las escuelas permanentes, un concepto de la RDA ("Ganztagschule") que enseñaban todo el día, abiertas por la tarde para adultos, o para escolares que podían allá recibir ayuda y hacer sus deberes en común o prepararse las clases, y que eran una ayuda estupenda para los estudiantes mas flojos. En los primeros años todo eso se condenó como mera "adoctrinación" de los niños, y ahora con los problemas evidenciados por el "Estudio de Pisa" (sobre educación en Europa) resulta que el modelo, el que sale mejor librado, es Finlandia, que tiene un modelo muy parecido al de la RDA, con clases vespertinas de refuerzo, por lo que aquello podría ser interesante... Hablamos del ámbito de la sanidad, donde el modelo de Policlínicas de la RDA, con muchos especialistas en un mismo centro y tratando a los pacientes en común... todo eso fue destruido y en su lugar se adoptó el sistema de muchos médicos privados, que hoy, en el contexto de la crisis del sistema sanitario, hace que, de repente, aquel sistema de atención colectiva sea visto con interés. También en el ámbito deportivo, la presencia del deporte en las escuelas, eso se acepta hoy en la RFA. También la calidad de la cultura en diversos aspectos... Pero su pregunta era sobre la aportación de la RDA, creo que en el pensamiento social, la idea de igualdad, de la nivelación de ingresos, se ha hecho muy importante para muchos en el contexto de las actuales dificultades económicas. La mayor diferencia de ingresos en la RDA era que el director de la fábrica ganara, quizá, tres veces más que el trabajador. Hoy un ejecutivo bancario gana cien veces más que un trabajador. Que esa justicia social también tiene un valor, es algo que comienza a comprenderse mejor hoy en la RFA. Que la nivelación como valor ha sido algo aportado por el este lo demuestra el éxito del Partido de la Izquierda ("Die Linke"), que es un claro resultado de la reunificación alemana.

- ¿Hubo persecución política por parte de la derecha?, ¿hubo caza de brujas?, ¿utilización política de los archivos de la Stassi, por ejemplo?. ¿Cuanta gente fue condenada?

- No muchos. Hubo muchos procesos, pero pocas condenas. Se creó una unidad policial-judicial que era rama de la Fiscalía, la ZERV ("Zentrale Ermittlungsstelle Regierungs- und Vereinigungskriminalität") encargada de investigar qué crímenes políticos y económicos podían ser perseguibles. Esa unidad abrió alrededor de 20.000 expedientes pero sólo produjo alrededor de 200 condenas. No hubo, pues, una "justicia de los vencedores". En mi opinión no la hubo. En el proceso de reunificación de 1990 se estableció que el derecho de la RDA mantenía su vigencia para los ciudadanos de la ex RDA, incluido con carácter retroactivo.. Si su conducta había estado ajustada a derecho de la RDA, no podía ser juzgada de acuerdo con otro derecho. La gente que fue condenada lo fue por asuntos tan extremos como la muerte de tránsfugas en la frontera por disparos. Esa fue la única excepción; aquello estaba permitido en la RDA, pero no debía estarlo. Todo lo demás se rigió por el derecho de la RDA y por eso hubo muy pocas condenas.

- O sea, que podemos hacer un balance bastante positivo de éste aspecto...

- Si. Pocas condenas. También hubo poca instrumentalización política de los archivos de la Stassi. Fue muy diferente que en Polonia, o en Rumanía, porque aquí los archivos estaban abiertos para todos. En Chequia, Rumanía, Polonia... el acceso a las fichas estaba restringido y solo durante un determinado tiempo. Algunos pudieron acusar sin presentar pruebas, eso fue diferente en Alemania porque el movimiento cívico, la gente como Gert y Ulrike Poppe, lucharon para que las fichas estuvieran abiertas para todos y para que cualquier investigador o periodista pudiera consultarlas y no se pudiera abusar y decir; "éste si, pero aquél no...". Las decisiones sobre si alguien que había colaborado con la Stassi debía perder su trabajo o no, era asunto que se decidía en asamblea por los empleados de universidades y empresas, por ejemplo. Esas comisiones de personal, en la administración, en las universidades, en las empresas, decidieron en muchos casos mantener en sus puestos a gente que había colaborado con la Stassi, dependiendo de los daños de tal colaboración, de si había significado cárcel para otros, etc. Eso ocurrió en el Berliner Zeitung, donde cuatro redactores fueron señalados como colaboradores: dos tuvieron que irse y dos pudieron seguir, en función de la gravedad de su acción. Se les valoró personalmente en la propia empresa.

- ¿Podemos decir entonces que no hubo un revanchismo social.?

- Lo que hubo fue un fuerte relevo de élites, en el contexto de una situación de competencia económica. La élite del este fue apartada y se produjo una sustitución a cargo de la élite alemana occidental. Los profesores del este tuvieron que abandonar las universidades y los jóvenes doctores de Munich vinieron y fueron profesores en Berlín. Los empleados de la radio tuvieron que irse de Berlín Este mientras que un periodista de Colonia tomaba la jefatura. Los cuadros importantes de los medios de comunicación, redactores jefe, administradores, etc de televisión y radio, en las universidades, todo eso fue rellenado con gente del oeste...

- ¿Cómo se hizo esta sustitución?, ¿fue algo impuesto?, ¿fue consecuencia del propio proceso de limpieza interna realizado por los propios empleados en las empresas...?

- El proceso de limpieza interna no fue deseado por los responsables de la RFA. Por ejemplo en la Universidad Humboldt, la gente ya había iniciado su proceso de autolimpieza, pero el Senado de Berlín, no quería ninguna autolimpieza, sino que hizo una limpieza desde fuera y puso a su propia gente de fuera. En este proceso muchos intelectuales del este que no eran criminales ni habían hecho nada malo y que no habían sido colaboradores de la Stassi, pero que fueron señalados como "próximos al sistema" perdieron su puesto. Ese concepto político fue causa de que muchos perdieran su puesto socialmente influyente y que occidentales tomaran el relevo..

- En resumen, que si se dice que en los archivos de la Stassi no se encontró nada comprometedor sobre la Señora Merkel, podemos creérnoslo...

- Si.

- ¿Qué fue de la estadocracia local, de la "nomenclatura" del SED, de la élite política de la RDA?

- Hoy son jubilados que no trabajan. Su alejamiento de la escena fue un deseo de la población de la ex RDA. Sobre eso había consenso. Pero sus sucesores generacionales en el partido, frecuentemente críticos con los anteriores, no pasaron a ocupar los puestos vacantes en el estado, sino que fueron sustituidos por occidentales. No hubo un cambio desde dentro. La vieja burocracia se pasó a la economía privada; agentes de seguros, empresas de automóviles, pero en la función pública no se quería a gente de la ex RDA, ex miembros del SED o "próximos al sistema", como se decía, pero en la economía privada se podía trabajar. Por eso la vieja burocracia se fue a la economía privada y hoy no desempeña ningún papel. Se reúnen en asociaciones alrededor de Die Linke y el PDS, son gente mayor conservadora.

- ¿Se ha hecho la crónica del "Wende" desde los despachos de Bonn?

- Por desgracia no existe nada de ese género. Hay libros gruesos con los documentos oficiales de Bonn, pero no hay una "crónica del Wende" desde el Oeste. Los que lo organizaron no lo han descrito y sería muy interesante. Eso lo editaría con mucho gusto.

- ¿Hay algo sobre el papel de los servicios secretos alemanes y occidentales durante aquel verano cuando la gente de la RDA de vacaciones en el Lago Balatón acabó atravesando "espontáneamente" la frontera húngara, y otros se encerraban en la embajada de la RFA en Praga. Un viceministro de exteriores de la URSS me explicó, por ejemplo, que en agosto de 1989 el Canciller Kohl y su ministro de exteriores Gensher, se habían reunido en el más estricto secreto en un castillo de los alrededores de Bonn con el primer ministro húngaro Karoly Nemeth y el ministro de exteriores Horn. La economía húngara estaba al borde de la quiebra y privada de la posibilidad de créditos soviéticos. En aquella reunión, los húngaros accedieron a abrir su frontera con Austria y permitir el paso a los turistas de la RDA a cambio de un crédito de mil millones de marcos... ¿Se ha revelado algo sobre ese tipo de cosas?

- No.

- ¿Le parece un aspecto relevante?

- Claro que sí. Hubo toda una serie de conversaciones secretas, de pagos... Sabemos mucho sobre las negociaciones entre Kohl y Gorbachov en el Caucaso, que se ofrecieron 8.000 millones, cuando Gorbachov quería 12.000 millones por la retirada de las tropas soviéticas de la RDA y que al final hubo un acuerdo de que serían 8.000 millones con otros 4.000 millones como créditos.. Se sabe que grandes sumas decidieron determinadas cosas. También puedo imaginar que hubo flujos de dinero en la compra de diarios de la DDR por parte de consorcios de la RFA..., pero no hay una crónica de estas cosas desde la perspectiva del oeste, y sería de gran interés.

- Han pasado veinte años y sigue habiendo dos sociedades alemanas. En la encuesta "Deutsche Zustände" de la Universidad de Bielefeld, el 64% de los orientales se declaran ciudadanos de segunda clase ¿Todo esto qué perspectiva tiene, que futuro tiene?

- En 1989, al principio, se dijo que para cerrar la reunificación alemana sería necesario el paso de una generación. Han pasado veinte años y eso es casi una generación, veinticinco años, pero la sociedad continua dividida. Eso tiene que ver, sobre todo, con los problemas económicos. Los conflictos mentales entre este y oeste se derivan de las diferencias económicas. Por lo menos tendrá que pasar otra generación más, cincuenta años, para que alcancemos una nivelación normal. En Estados Unidos, las diferencias entre estados del Norte y del Sur se han mantenido mucho tiempo y aun se observan... Todo dependerá, esencialmente, de si se logra una mejora de la situación económica en el este, de si la gente del este encuentra trabajo, de si pueden convivir en equidad.. En ese caso habrá una nivelación mental mucho más rápida, en caso contrario la diferencia se mantendrá.







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Sobre la Crisis Financiera


The Big Takeover

The global economic crisis isn't about money - it's about power. How Wall Street insiders are using the bailout to stage a revolution

MATT TAIBBI

Posted Mar 19, 2009 12:49 PM

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It's over — we're officially, royally fucked. no empire can survive being rendered a permanent laughingstock, which is what happened as of a few weeks ago, when the buffoons who have been running things in this country finally went one step too far. It happened when Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner was forced to admit that he was once again going to have to stuff billions of taxpayer dollars into a dying insurance giant called AIG, itself a profound symbol of our national decline — a corporation that got rich insuring the concrete and steel of American industry in the country's heyday, only to destroy itself chasing phantom fortunes at the Wall Street card tables, like a dissolute nobleman gambling away the family estate in the waning days of the British Empire.

The latest bailout came as AIG admitted to having just posted the largest quarterly loss in American corporate history — some $61.7 billion. In the final three months of last year, the company lost more than $27 million every hour. That's $465,000 a minute, a yearly income for a median American household every six seconds, roughly $7,750 a second. And all this happened at the end of eight straight years that America devoted to frantically chasing the shadow of a terrorist threat to no avail, eight years spent stopping every citizen at every airport to search every purse, bag, crotch and briefcase for juice boxes and explosive tubes of toothpaste. Yet in the end, our government had no mechanism for searching the balance sheets of companies that held life-or-death power over our society and was unable to spot holes in the national economy the size of Libya (whose entire GDP last year was smaller than AIG's 2008 losses).

So it's time to admit it: We're fools, protagonists in a kind of gruesome comedy about the marriage of greed and stupidity. And the worst part about it is that we're still in denial — we still think this is some kind of unfortunate accident, not something that was created by the group of psychopaths on Wall Street whom we allowed to gang-rape the American Dream. When Geithner announced the new $30 billion bailout, the party line was that poor AIG was just a victim of a lot of shitty luck — bad year for business, you know, what with the financial crisis and all. Edward Liddy, the company's CEO, actually compared it to catching a cold: "The marketplace is a pretty crummy place to be right now," he said. "When the world catches pneumonia, we get it too." In a pathetic attempt at name-dropping, he even whined that AIG was being "consumed by the same issues that are driving house prices down and 401K statements down and Warren Buffet's investment portfolio down."

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Liddy made AIG sound like an orphan begging in a soup line, hungry and sick from being left out in someone else's financial weather. He conveniently forgot to mention that AIG had spent more than a decade systematically scheming to evade U.S. and international regulators, or that one of the causes of its "pneumonia" was making colossal, world-sinking $500 billion bets with money it didn't have, in a toxic and completely unregulated derivatives market.

Nor did anyone mention that when AIG finally got up from its seat at the Wall Street casino, broke and busted in the afterdawn light, it owed money all over town — and that a huge chunk of your taxpayer dollars in this particular bailout scam will be going to pay off the other high rollers at its table. Or that this was a casino unique among all casinos, one where middle-class taxpayers cover the bets of billionaires.

People are pissed off about this financial crisis, and about this bailout, but they're not pissed off enough. The reality is that the worldwide economic meltdown and the bailout that followed were together a kind of revolution, a coup d'état. They cemented and formalized a political trend that has been snowballing for decades: the gradual takeover of the government by a small class of connected insiders, who used money to control elections, buy influence and systematically weaken financial regulations.

The crisis was the coup de grâce: Given virtually free rein over the economy, these same insiders first wrecked the financial world, then cunningly granted themselves nearly unlimited emergency powers to clean up their own mess. And so the gambling-addict leaders of companies like AIG end up not penniless and in jail, but with an Alien-style death grip on the Treasury and the Federal Reserve — "our partners in the government," as Liddy put it with a shockingly casual matter-of-factness after the most recent bailout.

The mistake most people make in looking at the financial crisis is thinking of it in terms of money, a habit that might lead you to look at the unfolding mess as a huge bonus-killing downer for the Wall Street class. But if you look at it in purely Machiavellian terms, what you see is a colossal power grab that threatens to turn the federal government into a kind of giant Enron — a huge, impenetrable black box filled with self-dealing insiders whose scheme is the securing of individual profits at the expense of an ocean of unwitting involuntary shareholders, previously known as taxpayers.

I. PATIENT ZERO

The best way to understand the financial crisis is to understand the meltdown at AIG. AIG is what happens when short, bald managers of otherwise boring financial bureaucracies start seeing Brad Pitt in the mirror. This is a company that built a giant fortune across more than a century by betting on safety-conscious policyholders — people who wear seat belts and build houses on high ground — and then blew it all in a year or two by turning their entire balance sheet over to a guy who acted like making huge bets with other people's money would make his dick bigger.

That guy — the Patient Zero of the global economic meltdown — was one Joseph Cassano, the head of a tiny, 400-person unit within the company called AIG Financial Products, or AIGFP. Cassano, a pudgy, balding Brooklyn College grad with beady eyes and way too much forehead, cut his teeth in the Eighties working for Mike Milken, the granddaddy of modern Wall Street debt alchemists. Milken, who pioneered the creative use of junk bonds, relied on messianic genius and a whole array of insider schemes to evade detection while wreaking financial disaster. Cassano, by contrast, was just a greedy little turd with a knack for selective accounting who ran his scam right out in the open, thanks to Washington's deregulation of the Wall Street casino. "It's all about the regulatory environment," says a government source involved with the AIG bailout. "These guys look for holes in the system, for ways they can do trades without government interference. Whatever is unregulated, all the action is going to pile into that."

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The mess Cassano created had its roots in an investment boom fueled in part by a relatively new type of financial instrument called a collateralized-debt obligation. A CDO is like a box full of diced-up assets. They can be anything: mortgages, corporate loans, aircraft loans, credit-card loans, even other CDOs. So as X mortgage holder pays his bill, and Y corporate debtor pays his bill, and Z credit-card debtor pays his bill, money flows into the box.

The key idea behind a CDO is that there will always be at least some money in the box, regardless of how dicey the individual assets inside it are. No matter how you look at a single unemployed ex-con trying to pay the note on a six-bedroom house, he looks like a bad investment. But dump his loan in a box with a smorgasbord of auto loans, credit-card debt, corporate bonds and other crap, and you can be reasonably sure that somebody is going to pay up. Say $100 is supposed to come into the box every month. Even in an apocalypse, when $90 in payments might default, you'll still get $10. What the inventors of the CDO did is divide up the box into groups of investors and put that $10 into its own level, or "tranche." They then convinced ratings agencies like Moody's and S&P to give that top tranche the highest AAA rating — meaning it has close to zero credit risk.

Suddenly, thanks to this financial seal of approval, banks had a way to turn their shittiest mortgages and other financial waste into investment-grade paper and sell them to institutional investors like pensions and insurance companies, which were forced by regulators to keep their portfolios as safe as possible. Because CDOs offered higher rates of return than truly safe products like Treasury bills, it was a win-win: Banks made a fortune selling CDOs, and big investors made much more holding them.

The problem was, none of this was based on reality. "The banks knew they were selling crap," says a London-based trader from one of the bailed-out companies. To get AAA ratings, the CDOs relied not on their actual underlying assets but on crazy mathematical formulas that the banks cooked up to make the investments look safer than they really were. "They had some back room somewhere where a bunch of Indian guys who'd been doing nothing but math for God knows how many years would come up with some kind of model saying that this or that combination of debtors would only default once every 10,000 years," says one young trader who sold CDOs for a major investment bank. "It was nuts."

Now that even the crappiest mortgages could be sold to conservative investors, the CDOs spurred a massive explosion of irresponsible and predatory lending. In fact, there was such a crush to underwrite CDOs that it became hard to find enough subprime mortgages — read: enough unemployed meth dealers willing to buy million-dollar homes for no money down — to fill them all. As banks and investors of all kinds took on more and more in CDOs and similar instruments, they needed some way to hedge their massive bets — some kind of insurance policy, in case the housing bubble burst and all that debt went south at the same time. This was particularly true for investment banks, many of which got stuck holding or "warehousing" CDOs when they wrote more than they could sell. And that's were Joe Cassano came in.

Known for his boldness and arrogance, Cassano took over as chief of AIGFP in 2001. He was the favorite of Maurice "Hank" Greenberg, the head of AIG, who admired the younger man's hard-driving ways, even if neither he nor his successors fully understood exactly what it was that Cassano did. According to a source familiar with AIG's internal operations, Cassano basically told senior management, "You know insurance, I know investments, so you do what you do, and I'll do what I do — leave me alone." Given a free hand within the company, Cassano set out from his offices in London to sell a lucrative form of "insurance" to all those investors holding lots of CDOs. His tool of choice was another new financial instrument known as a credit-default swap, or CDS.

The CDS was popularized by J.P. Morgan, in particular by a group of young, creative bankers who would later become known as the "Morgan Mafia," as many of them would go on to assume influential positions in the finance world. In 1994, in between booze and games of tennis at a resort in Boca Raton, Florida, the Morgan gang plotted a way to help boost the bank's returns. One of their goals was to find a way to lend more money, while working around regulations that required them to keep a set amount of cash in reserve to back those loans. What they came up with was an early version of the credit-default swap.

In its simplest form, a CDS is just a bet on an outcome. Say Bank A writes a million-dollar mortgage to the Pope for a town house in the West Village. Bank A wants to hedge its mortgage risk in case the Pope can't make his monthly payments, so it buys CDS protection from Bank B, wherein it agrees to pay Bank B a premium of $1,000 a month for five years. In return, Bank B agrees to pay Bank A the full million-dollar value of the Pope's mortgage if he defaults. In theory, Bank A is covered if the Pope goes on a meth binge and loses his job.

When Morgan presented their plans for credit swaps to regulators in the late Nineties, they argued that if they bought CDS protection for enough of the investments in their portfolio, they had effectively moved the risk off their books. Therefore, they argued, they should be allowed to lend more, without keeping more cash in reserve. A whole host of regulators — from the Federal Reserve to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency — accepted the argument, and Morgan was allowed to put more money on the street.

What Cassano did was to transform the credit swaps that Morgan popularized into the world's largest bet on the housing boom. In theory, at least, there's nothing wrong with buying a CDS to insure your investments. Investors paid a premium to AIGFP, and in return the company promised to pick up the tab if the mortgage-backed CDOs went bust. But as Cassano went on a selling spree, the deals he made differed from traditional insurance in several significant ways. First, the party selling CDS protection didn't have to post any money upfront. When a $100 corporate bond is sold, for example, someone has to show 100 actual dollars. But when you sell a $100 CDS guarantee, you don't have to show a dime. So Cassano could sell investment banks billions in guarantees without having any single asset to back it up.

Secondly, Cassano was selling so-called "naked" CDS deals. In a "naked" CDS, neither party actually holds the underlying loan. In other words, Bank B not only sells CDS protection to Bank A for its mortgage on the Pope — it turns around and sells protection to Bank C for the very same mortgage. This could go on ad nauseam: You could have Banks D through Z also betting on Bank A's mortgage. Unlike traditional insurance, Cassano was offering investors an opportunity to bet that someone else's house would burn down, or take out a term life policy on the guy with AIDS down the street. It was no different from gambling, the Wall Street version of a bunch of frat brothers betting on Jay Feely to make a field goal. Cassano was taking book for every bank that bet short on the housing market, but he didn't have the cash to pay off if the kick went wide.

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In a span of only seven years, Cassano sold some $500 billion worth of CDS protection, with at least $64 billion of that tied to the subprime mortgage market. AIG didn't have even a fraction of that amount of cash on hand to cover its bets, but neither did it expect it would ever need any reserves. So long as defaults on the underlying securities remained a highly unlikely proposition, AIG was essentially collecting huge and steadily climbing premiums by selling insurance for the disaster it thought would never come.

Initially, at least, the revenues were enormous: AIGFP's returns went from $737 million in 1999 to $3.2 billion in 2005. Over the past seven years, the subsidiary's 400 employees were paid a total of $3.5 billion; Cassano himself pocketed at least $280 million in compensation. Everyone made their money — and then it all went to shit.

II. THE REGULATORS

Cassano's outrageous gamble wouldn't have been possible had he not had the good fortune to take over AIGFP just as Sen. Phil Gramm — a grinning, laissez-faire ideologue from Texas — had finished engineering the most dramatic deregulation of the financial industry since Emperor Hien Tsung invented paper money in 806 A.D. For years, Washington had kept a watchful eye on the nation's banks. Ever since the Great Depression, commercial banks — those that kept money on deposit for individuals and businesses — had not been allowed to double as investment banks, which raise money by issuing and selling securities. The Glass-Steagall Act, passed during the Depression, also prevented banks of any kind from getting into the insurance business.

But in the late Nineties, a few years before Cassano took over AIGFP, all that changed. The Democrats, tired of getting slaughtered in the fundraising arena by Republicans, decided to throw off their old reliance on unions and interest groups and become more "business-friendly." Wall Street responded by flooding Washington with money, buying allies in both parties. In the 10-year period beginning in 1998, financial companies spent $1.7 billion on federal campaign contributions and another $3.4 billion on lobbyists. They quickly got what they paid for. In 1999, Gramm co-sponsored a bill that repealed key aspects of the Glass-Steagall Act, smoothing the way for the creation of financial megafirms like Citigroup. The move did away with the built-in protections afforded by smaller banks. In the old days, a local banker knew the people whose loans were on his balance sheet: He wasn't going to give a million-dollar mortgage to a homeless meth addict, since he would have to keep that loan on his books. But a giant merged bank might write that loan and then sell it off to some fool in China, and who cared?

The very next year, Gramm compounded the problem by writing a sweeping new law called the Commodity Futures Modernization Act that made it impossible to regulate credit swaps as either gambling or securities. Commercial banks — which, thanks to Gramm, were now competing directly with investment banks for customers — were driven to buy credit swaps to loosen capital in search of higher yields. "By ruling that credit-default swaps were not gaming and not a security, the way was cleared for the growth of the market," said Eric Dinallo, head of the New York State Insurance Department.

The blanket exemption meant that Joe Cassano could now sell as many CDS contracts as he wanted, building up as huge a position as he wanted, without anyone in government saying a word. "You have to remember, investment banks aren't in the business of making huge directional bets," says the government source involved in the AIG bailout. When investment banks write CDS deals, they hedge them. But insurance companies don't have to hedge. And that's what AIG did. "They just bet massively long on the housing market," says the source. "Billions and billions."

In the biggest joke of all, Cassano's wheeling and dealing was regulated by the Office of Thrift Supervision, an agency that would prove to be defiantly uninterested in keeping watch over his operations. How a behemoth like AIG came to be regulated by the little-known and relatively small OTS is yet another triumph of the deregulatory instinct. Under another law passed in 1999, certain kinds of holding companies could choose the OTS as their regulator, provided they owned one or more thrifts (better known as savings-and-loans). Because the OTS was viewed as more compliant than the Fed or the Securities and Exchange Commission, companies rushed to reclassify themselves as thrifts. In 1999, AIG purchased a thrift in Delaware and managed to get approval for OTS regulation of its entire operation.

Making matters even more hilarious, AIGFP — a London-based subsidiary of an American insurance company — ought to have been regulated by one of Europe's more stringent regulators, like Britain's Financial Services Authority. But the OTS managed to convince the Europeans that it had the muscle to regulate these giant companies. By 2007, the EU had conferred legitimacy to OTS supervision of three mammoth firms — GE, AIG and Ameriprise.

That same year, as the subprime crisis was exploding, the Government Accountability Office criticized the OTS, noting a "disparity between the size of the agency and the diverse firms it oversees." Among other things, the GAO report noted that the entire OTS had only one insurance specialist on staff — and this despite the fact that it was the primary regulator for the world's largest insurer!

"There's this notion that the regulators couldn't do anything to stop AIG," says a government official who was present during the bailout. "That's bullshit. What you have to understand is that these regulators have ultimate power. They can send you a letter and say, 'You don't exist anymore,' and that's basically that. They don't even really need due process. The OTS could have said, 'We're going to pull your charter; we're going to pull your license; we're going to sue you.' And getting sued by your primary regulator is the kiss of death."

When AIG finally blew up, the OTS regulator ostensibly in charge of overseeing the insurance giant — a guy named C.K. Lee — basically admitted that he had blown it. His mistake, Lee said, was that he believed all those credit swaps in Cassano's portfolio were "fairly benign products." Why? Because the company told him so. "The judgment the company was making was that there was no big credit risk," he explained. (Lee now works as Midwest region director of the OTS; the agency declined to make him available for an interview.)

In early March, after the latest bailout of AIG, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner took what seemed to be a thinly veiled shot at the OTS, calling AIG a "huge, complex global insurance company attached to a very complicated investment bank/hedge fund that was allowed to build up without any adult supervision." But even without that "adult supervision," AIG might have been OK had it not been for a complete lack of internal controls. For six months before its meltdown, according to insiders, the company had been searching for a full-time chief financial officer and a chief risk-assessment officer, but never got around to hiring either. That meant that the 18th-largest company in the world had no one checking to make sure its balance sheet was safe and no one keeping track of how much cash and assets the firm had on hand. The situation was so bad that when outside consultants were called in a few weeks before the bailout, senior executives were unable to answer even the most basic questions about their company — like, for instance, how much exposure the firm had to the residential-mortgage market.

III. THE CRASH

Ironically, when reality finally caught up to Cassano, it wasn't because the housing market crapped but because of AIG itself. Before 2005, the company's debt was rated triple-A, meaning he didn't need to post much cash to sell CDS protection: The solid creditworthiness of AIG's name was guarantee enough. But the company's crummy accounting practices eventually caused its credit rating to be downgraded, triggering clauses in the CDS contracts that forced Cassano to post substantially more collateral to back his deals.

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By the fall of 2007, it was evident that AIGFP's portfolio had turned poisonous, but like every good Wall Street huckster, Cassano schemed to keep his insane, Earth-swallowing gamble hidden from public view. That August, balls bulging, he announced to investors on a conference call that "it is hard for us, without being flippant, to even see a scenario within any kind of realm of reason that would see us losing $1 in any of those transactions." As he spoke, his CDS portfolio was racking up $352 million in losses. When the growing credit crunch prompted senior AIG executives to re-examine its liabilities, a company accountant named Joseph St. Denis became "gravely concerned" about the CDS deals and their potential for mass destruction. Cassano responded by personally forcing the poor sap out of the firm, telling him he was "deliberately excluded" from the financial review for fear that he might "pollute the process."

The following February, when AIG posted $11.5 billion in annual losses, it announced the resignation of Cassano as head of AIGFP, saying an auditor had found a "material weakness" in the CDS portfolio. But amazingly, the company not only allowed Cassano to keep $34 million in bonuses, it kept him on as a consultant for $1 million a month. In fact, Cassano remained on the payroll and kept collecting his monthly million through the end of September 2008, even after taxpayers had been forced to hand AIG $85 billion to patch up his fuck-ups. When asked in October why the company still retained Cassano at his $1 million-a-month rate despite his role in the probable downfall of Western civilization, CEO Martin Sullivan told Congress with a straight face that AIG wanted to "retain the 20-year knowledge that Mr. Cassano had." (Cassano, who is apparently hiding out in his lavish town house near Harrods in London, could not be reached for comment.)

What sank AIG in the end was another credit downgrade. Cassano had written so many CDS deals that when the company was facing another downgrade to its credit rating last September, from AA to A, it needed to post billions in collateral — not only more cash than it had on its balance sheet but more cash than it could raise even if it sold off every single one of its liquid assets. Even so, management dithered for days, not believing the company was in serious trouble. AIG was a dried-up prune, sapped of any real value, and its top executives didn't even know it.

On the weekend of September 13th, AIG's senior leaders were summoned to the offices of the New York Federal Reserve. Regulators from Dinallo's insurance office were there, as was Geithner, then chief of the New York Fed. Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson, who spent most of the weekend preoccupied with the collapse of Lehman Brothers, came in and out. Also present, for reasons that would emerge later, was Lloyd Blankfein, CEO of Goldman Sachs. The only relevant government office that wasn't represented was the regulator that should have been there all along: the OTS.

"We sat down with Paulson, Geithner and Dinallo," says a person present at the negotiations. "I didn't see the OTS even once."

On September 14th, according to another person present, Treasury officials presented Blankfein and other bankers in attendance with an absurd proposal: "They basically asked them to spend a day and check to see if they could raise the money privately." The laughably short time span to complete the mammoth task made the answer a foregone conclusion. At the end of the day, the bankers came back and told the government officials, gee, we checked, but we can't raise that much. And the bailout was on.

A short time later, it came out that AIG was planning to pay some $90 million in deferred compensation to former executives, and to accelerate the payout of $277 million in bonuses to others — a move the company insisted was necessary to "retain key employees." When Congress balked, AIG canceled the $90 million in payments.

Then, in January 2009, the company did it again. After all those years letting Cassano run wild, and after already getting caught paying out insane bonuses while on the public till, AIG decided to pay out another $450 million in bonuses. And to whom? To the 400 or so employees in Cassano's old unit, AIGFP, which is due to go out of business shortly! Yes, that's right, an average of $1.1 million in taxpayer-backed money apiece, to the very people who spent the past decade or so punching a hole in the fabric of the universe!

"We, uh, needed to keep these highly expert people in their seats," AIG spokeswoman Christina Pretto says to me in early February.

"But didn't these 'highly expert people' basically destroy your company?" I ask.

Pretto protests, says this isn't fair. The employees at AIGFP have already taken pay cuts, she says. Not retaining them would dilute the value of the company even further, make it harder to wrap up the unit's operations in an orderly fashion.

The bonuses are a nice comic touch highlighting one of the more outrageous tangents of the bailout age, namely the fact that, even with the planet in flames, some members of the Wall Street class can't even get used to the tragedy of having to fly coach. "These people need their trips to Baja, their spa treatments, their hand jobs," says an official involved in the AIG bailout, a serious look on his face, apparently not even half-kidding. "They don't function well without them."

IV. THE POWER GRAB

So that's the first step in wall street's power grab: making up things like credit-default swaps and collateralized-debt obligations, financial products so complex and inscrutable that ordinary American dumb people — to say nothing of federal regulators and even the CEOs of major corporations like AIG — are too intimidated to even try to understand them. That, combined with wise political investments, enabled the nation's top bankers to effectively scrap any meaningful oversight of the financial industry. In 1997 and 1998, the years leading up to the passage of Phil Gramm's fateful act that gutted Glass-Steagall, the banking, brokerage and insurance industries spent $350 million on political contributions and lobbying. Gramm alone — then the chairman of the Senate Banking Committee — collected $2.6 million in only five years. The law passed 90-8 in the Senate, with the support of 38 Democrats, including some names that might surprise you: Joe Biden, John Kerry, Tom Daschle, Dick Durbin, even John Edwards.

The act helped create the too-big-to-fail financial behemoths like Citigroup, AIG and Bank of America — and in turn helped those companies slowly crush their smaller competitors, leaving the major Wall Street firms with even more money and power to lobby for further deregulatory measures. "We're moving to an oligopolistic situation," Kenneth Guenther, a top executive with the Independent Community Bankers of America, lamented after the Gramm measure was passed.

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The situation worsened in 2004, in an extraordinary move toward deregulation that never even got to a vote. At the time, the European Union was threatening to more strictly regulate the foreign operations of America's big investment banks if the U.S. didn't strengthen its own oversight. So the top five investment banks got together on April 28th of that year and — with the helpful assistance of then-Goldman Sachs chief and future Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson — made a pitch to George Bush's SEC chief at the time, William Donaldson, himself a former investment banker. The banks generously volunteered to submit to new rules restricting them from engaging in excessively risky activity. In exchange, they asked to be released from any lending restrictions. The discussion about the new rules lasted just 55 minutes, and there was not a single representative of a major media outlet there to record the fateful decision.

Donaldson OK'd the proposal, and the new rules were enough to get the EU to drop its threat to regulate the five firms. The only catch was, neither Donaldson nor his successor, Christopher Cox, actually did any regulating of the banks. They named a commission of seven people to oversee the five companies, whose combined assets came to total more than $4 trillion. But in the last year and a half of Cox's tenure, the group had no director and did not complete a single inspection. Great deal for the banks, which originally complained about being regulated by both Europe and the SEC, and ended up being regulated by no one.

Once the capital requirements were gone, those top five banks went hog-wild, jumping ass-first into the then-raging housing bubble. One of those was Bear Stearns, which used its freedom to drown itself in bad mortgage loans. In the short period between the 2004 change and Bear's collapse, the firm's debt-to-equity ratio soared from 12-1 to an insane 33-1. Another culprit was Goldman Sachs, which also had the good fortune, around then, to see its CEO, a bald-headed Frankensteinian goon named Hank Paulson (who received an estimated $200 million tax deferral by joining the government), ascend to Treasury secretary.

Freed from all capital restraints, sitting pretty with its man running the Treasury, Goldman jumped into the housing craze just like everyone else on Wall Street. Although it famously scored an $11 billion coup in 2007 when one of its trading units smartly shorted the housing market, the move didn't tell the whole story. In truth, Goldman still had a huge exposure come that fateful summer of 2008 — to none other than Joe Cassano.

Goldman Sachs, it turns out, was Cassano's biggest customer, with $20 billion of exposure in Cassano's CDS book. Which might explain why Goldman chief Lloyd Blankfein was in the room with ex-Goldmanite Hank Paulson that weekend of September 13th, when the federal government was supposedly bailing out AIG.

When asked why Blankfein was there, one of the government officials who was in the meeting shrugs. "One might say that it's because Goldman had so much exposure to AIGFP's portfolio," he says. "You'll never prove that, but one might suppose."

Market analyst Eric Salzman is more blunt. "If AIG went down," he says, "there was a good chance Goldman would not be able to collect." The AIG bailout, in effect, was Goldman bailing out Goldman.

Eventually, Paulson went a step further, elevating another ex-Goldmanite named Edward Liddy to run AIG — a company whose bailout money would be coming, in part, from the newly created TARP program, administered by another Goldman banker named Neel Kashkari.

V. REPO MEN

There are plenty of people who have noticed, in recent years, that when they lost their homes to foreclosure or were forced into bankruptcy because of crippling credit-card debt, no one in the government was there to rescue them. But when Goldman Sachs — a company whose average employee still made more than $350,000 last year, even in the midst of a depression — was suddenly faced with the possibility of losing money on the unregulated insurance deals it bought for its insane housing bets, the government was there in an instant to patch the hole. That's the essence of the bailout: rich bankers bailing out rich bankers, using the taxpayers' credit card.

The people who have spent their lives cloistered in this Wall Street community aren't much for sharing information with the great unwashed. Because all of this shit is complicated, because most of us mortals don't know what the hell LIBOR is or how a REIT works or how to use the word "zero coupon bond" in a sentence without sounding stupid — well, then, the people who do speak this idiotic language cannot under any circumstances be bothered to explain it to us and instead spend a lot of time rolling their eyes and asking us to trust them.

That roll of the eyes is a key part of the psychology of Paulsonism. The state is now being asked not just to call off its regulators or give tax breaks or funnel a few contracts to connected companies; it is intervening directly in the economy, for the sole purpose of preserving the influence of the megafirms. In essence, Paulson used the bailout to transform the government into a giant bureaucracy of entitled assholedom, one that would socialize "toxic" risks but keep both the profits and the management of the bailed-out firms in private hands. Moreover, this whole process would be done in secret, away from the prying eyes of NASCAR dads, broke-ass liberals who read translations of French novels, subprime mortgage holders and other such financial losers.

Some aspects of the bailout were secretive to the point of absurdity. In fact, if you look closely at just a few lines in the Federal Reserve's weekly public disclosures, you can literally see the moment where a big chunk of your money disappeared for good. The H4 report (called "Factors Affecting Reserve Balances") summarizes the activities of the Fed each week. You can find it online, and it's pretty much the only thing the Fed ever tells the world about what it does. For the week ending February 18th, the number under the heading "Repurchase Agreements" on the table is zero. It's a significant number.

Why? In the pre-crisis days, the Fed used to manage the money supply by periodically buying and selling securities on the open market through so-called Repurchase Agreements, or Repos. The Fed would typically dump $25 billion or so in cash onto the market every week, buying up Treasury bills, U.S. securities and even mortgage-backed securities from institutions like Goldman Sachs and J.P. Morgan, who would then "repurchase" them in a short period of time, usually one to seven days. This was the Fed's primary mechanism for controlling interest rates: Buying up securities gives banks more money to lend, which makes interest rates go down. Selling the securities back to the banks reduces the money available for lending, which makes interest rates go up.

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If you look at the weekly H4 reports going back to the summer of 2007, you start to notice something alarming. At the start of the credit crunch, around August of that year, you see the Fed buying a few more Repos than usual — $33 billion or so. By November, as private-bank reserves were dwindling to alarmingly low levels, the Fed started injecting even more cash than usual into the economy: $48 billion. By late December, the number was up to $58 billion; by the following March, around the time of the Bear Stearns rescue, the Repo number had jumped to $77 billion. In the week of May 1st, 2008, the number was $115 billion — "out of control now," according to one congressional aide. For the rest of 2008, the numbers remained similarly in the stratosphere, the Fed pumping as much as $125 billion of these short-term loans into the economy — until suddenly, at the start of this year, the number drops to nothing. Zero.

The reason the number has dropped to nothing is that the Fed had simply stopped using relatively transparent devices like repurchase agreements to pump its money into the hands of private companies. By early 2009, a whole series of new government operations had been invented to inject cash into the economy, most all of them completely secretive and with names you've never heard of. There is the Term Auction Facility, the Term Securities Lending Facility, the Primary Dealer Credit Facility, the Commercial Paper Funding Facility and a monster called the Asset-Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (boasting the chat-room horror-show acronym ABCPMMMFLF). For good measure, there's also something called a Money Market Investor Funding Facility, plus three facilities called Maiden Lane I, II and III to aid bailout recipients like Bear Stearns and AIG.

While the rest of America, and most of Congress, have been bugging out about the $700 billion bailout program called TARP, all of these newly created organisms in the Federal Reserve zoo have quietly been pumping not billions but trillions of dollars into the hands of private companies (at least $3 trillion so far in loans, with as much as $5.7 trillion more in guarantees of private investments). Although this technically isn't taxpayer money, it still affects taxpayers directly, because the activities of the Fed impact the economy as a whole. And this new, secretive activity by the Fed completely eclipses the TARP program in terms of its influence on the economy.

No one knows who's getting that money or exactly how much of it is disappearing through these new holes in the hull of America's credit rating. Moreover, no one can really be sure if these new institutions are even temporary at all — or whether they are being set up as permanent, state-aided crutches to Wall Street, designed to systematically suck bad investments off the ledgers of irresponsible lenders.

"They're supposed to be temporary," says Paul-Martin Foss, an aide to Rep. Ron Paul. "But we keep getting notices every six months or so that they're being renewed. They just sort of quietly announce it."

None other than disgraced senator Ted Stevens was the poor sap who made the unpleasant discovery that if Congress didn't like the Fed handing trillions of dollars to banks without any oversight, Congress could apparently go fuck itself — or so said the law. When Stevens asked the GAO about what authority Congress has to monitor the Fed, he got back a letter citing an obscure statute that nobody had ever heard of before: the Accounting and Auditing Act of 1950. The relevant section, 31 USC 714(b), dictated that congressional audits of the Federal Reserve may not include "deliberations, decisions and actions on monetary policy matters." The exemption, as Foss notes, "basically includes everything." According to the law, in other words, the Fed simply cannot be audited by Congress. Or by anyone else, for that matter.

VI. WINNERS AND LOSERS

Stevens isn't the only person in Congress to be given the finger by the Fed. In January, when Rep. Alan Grayson of Florida asked Federal Reserve vice chairman Donald Kohn where all the money went — only $1.2 trillion had vanished by then — Kohn gave Grayson a classic eye roll, saying he would be "very hesitant" to name names because it might discourage banks from taking the money.

"Has that ever happened?" Grayson asked. "Have people ever said, 'We will not take your $100 billion because people will find out about it?'"

"Well, we said we would not publish the names of the borrowers, so we have no test of that," Kohn answered, visibly annoyed with Grayson's meddling.

Grayson pressed on, demanding to know on what terms the Fed was lending the money. Presumably it was buying assets and making loans, but no one knew how it was pricing those assets — in other words, no one knew what kind of deal it was striking on behalf of taxpayers. So when Grayson asked if the purchased assets were "marked to market" — a methodology that assigns a concrete value to assets, based on the market rate on the day they are traded — Kohn answered, mysteriously, "The ones that have market values are marked to market." The implication was that the Fed was purchasing derivatives like credit swaps or other instruments that were basically impossible to value objectively — paying real money for God knows what.

"Well, how much of them don't have market values?" asked Grayson. "How much of them are worthless?"

"None are worthless," Kohn snapped.

"Then why don't you mark them to market?" Grayson demanded.

"Well," Kohn sighed, "we are marking the ones to market that have market values."

In essence, the Fed was telling Congress to lay off and let the experts handle things. "It's like buying a car in a used-car lot without opening the hood, and saying, 'I think it's fine,'" says Dan Fuss, an analyst with the investment firm Loomis Sayles. "The salesman says, 'Don't worry about it. Trust me.' It'll probably get us out of the lot, but how much farther? None of us knows."

When one considers the comparatively extensive system of congressional checks and balances that goes into the spending of every dollar in the budget via the normal appropriations process, what's happening in the Fed amounts to something truly revolutionary — a kind of shadow government with a budget many times the size of the normal federal outlay, administered dictatorially by one man, Fed chairman Ben Bernanke. "We spend hours and hours and hours arguing over $10 million amendments on the floor of the Senate, but there has been no discussion about who has been receiving this $3 trillion," says Sen. Bernie Sanders. "It is beyond comprehension."

Count Sanders among those who don't buy the argument that Wall Street firms shouldn't have to face being outed as recipients of public funds, that making this information public might cause investors to panic and dump their holdings in these firms. "I guess if we made that public, they'd go on strike or something," he muses.

And the Fed isn't the only arm of the bailout that has closed ranks. The Treasury, too, has maintained incredible secrecy surrounding its implementation even of the TARP program, which was mandated by Congress. To this date, no one knows exactly what criteria the Treasury Department used to determine which banks received bailout funds and which didn't — particularly the first $350 billion given out under Bush appointee Hank Paulson.

The situation with the first TARP payments grew so absurd that when the Congressional Oversight Panel, charged with monitoring the bailout money, sent a query to Paulson asking how he decided whom to give money to, Treasury responded — and this isn't a joke — by directing the panel to a copy of the TARP application form on its website. Elizabeth Warren, the chair of the Congressional Oversight Panel, was struck nearly speechless by the response.

"Do you believe that?" she says incredulously. "That's not what we had in mind."

Another member of Congress, who asked not to be named, offers his own theory about the TARP process. "I think basically if you knew Hank Paulson, you got the money," he says.

This cozy arrangement created yet another opportunity for big banks to devour market share at the expense of smaller regional lenders. While all the bigwigs at Citi and Goldman and Bank of America who had Paulson on speed-dial got bailed out right away — remember that TARP was originally passed because money had to be lent right now, that day, that minute, to stave off emergency — many small banks are still waiting for help. Five months into the TARP program, some not only haven't received any funds, they haven't even gotten a call back about their applications.

"There's definitely a feeling among community bankers that no one up there cares much if they make it or not," says Tanya Wheeless, president of the Arizona Bankers Association.

Which, of course, is exactly the opposite of what should be happening, since small, regional banks are far less guilty of the kinds of predatory lending that sank the economy. "They're not giving out subprime loans or easy credit," says Wheeless. "At the community level, it's much more bread-and-butter banking."

Nonetheless, the lion's share of the bailout money has gone to the larger, so-called "systemically important" banks. "It's like Treasury is picking winners and losers," says one state banking official who asked not to be identified.

This itself is a hugely important political development. In essence, the bailout accelerated the decline of regional community lenders by boosting the political power of their giant national competitors.

Which, when you think about it, is insane: What had brought us to the brink of collapse in the first place was this relentless instinct for building ever-larger megacompanies, passing deregulatory measures to gradually feed all the little fish in the sea to an ever-shrinking pool of Bigger Fish. To fix this problem, the government should have slowly liquidated these monster, too-big-to-fail firms and broken them down to smaller, more manageable companies. Instead, federal regulators closed ranks and used an almost completely secret bailout process to double down on the same faulty, merger-happy thinking that got us here in the first place, creating a constellation of megafirms under government control that are even bigger, more unwieldy and more crammed to the gills with systemic risk.

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In essence, Paulson and his cronies turned the federal government into one gigantic, half-opaque holding company, one whose balance sheet includes the world's most appallingly large and risky hedge fund, a controlling stake in a dying insurance giant, huge investments in a group of teetering megabanks, and shares here and there in various auto-finance companies, student loans, and other failing businesses. Like AIG, this new federal holding company is a firm that has no mechanism for auditing itself and is run by leaders who have very little grasp of the daily operations of its disparate subsidiary operations.

In other words, it's AIG's rip-roaringly shitty business model writ almost inconceivably massive — to echo Geithner, a huge, complex global company attached to a very complicated investment bank/hedge fund that's been allowed to build up without adult supervision. How much of what kinds of crap is actually on our balance sheet, and what did we pay for it? When exactly will the rent come due, when will the money run out? Does anyone know what the hell is going on? And on the linear spectrum of capitalism to socialism, where exactly are we now? Is there a dictionary word that even describes what we are now? It would be funny, if it weren't such a nightmare.

VII. YOU DON'T GET IT

The real question from here is whether the Obama administration is going to move to bring the financial system back to a place where sanity is restored and the general public can have a say in things or whether the new financial bureaucracy will remain obscure, secretive and hopelessly complex. It might not bode well that Geithner, Obama's Treasury secretary, is one of the architects of the Paulson bailouts; as chief of the New York Fed, he helped orchestrate the Goldman-friendly AIG bailout and the secretive Maiden Lane facilities used to funnel funds to the dying company. Neither did it look good when Geithner — himself a protégé of notorious Goldman alum John Thain, the Merrill Lynch chief who paid out billions in bonuses after the state spent billions bailing out his firm — picked a former Goldman lobbyist named Mark Patterson to be his top aide.

In fact, most of Geithner's early moves reek strongly of Paulsonism. He has continually talked about partnering with private investors to create a so-called "bad bank" that would systemically relieve private lenders of bad assets — the kind of massive, opaque, quasi-private bureaucratic nightmare that Paulson specialized in. Geithner even refloated a Paulson proposal to use TALF, one of the Fed's new facilities, to essentially lend cheap money to hedge funds to invest in troubled banks while practically guaranteeing them enormous profits.

God knows exactly what this does for the taxpayer, but hedge-fund managers sure love the idea. "This is exactly what the financial system needs," said Andrew Feldstein, CEO of Blue Mountain Capital and one of the Morgan Mafia. Strangely, there aren't many people who don't run hedge funds who have expressed anything like that kind of enthusiasm for Geithner's ideas.

As complex as all the finances are, the politics aren't hard to follow. By creating an urgent crisis that can only be solved by those fluent in a language too complex for ordinary people to understand, the Wall Street crowd has turned the vast majority of Americans into non-participants in their own political future. There is a reason it used to be a crime in the Confederate states to teach a slave to read: Literacy is power. In the age of the CDS and CDO, most of us are financial illiterates. By making an already too-complex economy even more complex, Wall Street has used the crisis to effect a historic, revolutionary change in our political system — transforming a democracy into a two-tiered state, one with plugged-in financial bureaucrats above and clueless customers below.

The most galling thing about this financial crisis is that so many Wall Street types think they actually deserve not only their huge bonuses and lavish lifestyles but the awesome political power their own mistakes have left them in possession of. When challenged, they talk about how hard they work, the 90-hour weeks, the stress, the failed marriages, the hemorrhoids and gallstones they all get before they hit 40.

"But wait a minute," you say to them. "No one ever asked you to stay up all night eight days a week trying to get filthy rich shorting what's left of the American auto industry or selling $600 billion in toxic, irredeemable mortgages to ex-strippers on work release and Taco Bell clerks. Actually, come to think of it, why are we even giving taxpayer money to you people? Why are we not throwing your ass in jail instead?"

But before you even finish saying that, they're rolling their eyes, because You Don't Get It. These people were never about anything except turning money into money, in order to get more money; valueswise they're on par with crack addicts, or obsessive sexual deviants who burgle homes to steal panties. Yet these are the people in whose hands our entire political future now rests.

Good luck with that, America. And enjoy tax season.

__._,_.___

ENTREVISTAS TV CRISIS GLOBAL

NR.: Director, no presidente ---------------------------------------------- Bruno Seminario 1 ------------------------- Bruno Seminario 2 -------------------- FELIX JIMENEZ 1 FELIZ JIMENEZ 2 FELIX JIMENEZ 3, 28 MAYO OSCAR DANCOURT,ex presidente BCR ------------------- Waldo Mendoza, Decano PUCP economia ---------------------- Ingeniero Rafael Vasquez, parlamentario 24 set recordando la crisis, ver entrevista en diario

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